Thank you so much time on board than I really am very,
very excited to be here and I'm almost speechless,
but I'm not allowed to be speech list and
there was a pleasure to be in it.
As young as mentioned, I am not graduate of this university
and I think I spent probably some of the most exciting
and certainly most formative years of my life studying on this
campus and living in this neighbourhood right across the street.
In fact, so and I think I attended the dig
if as meeting for the first time as a Ph. d student somewhere around.
UNK ninety one percent So to be invited to open the
annual meeting of the to give it you in Hamburg
is certainly one of the greatest honours of my professional career so far,
and I'm very grateful to the organizers for inviting me and to you.
and as for the South where he generously Introduction: I
think this a few topics in our fields that are surrounded by
as much controversy and speculation as the evil Lucian of the Language faculty itself.
It's a topic that I've been thinking about from a
contracting wistik perspective for quite a number of years now,
but I think it's fair to say that I haven't
found in the boldness and perhaps the self confidence or maturity
to share my thoughts until recently.
but I have recently done so by adding a Section two
of the second edition of my book on Language Contact
which will be out with Cambridge University Press later this year.
And so I'd like to share some of those thoughts to day.
And I'll start with a couple of examples of languages
that we might call languages with heavy borrowing without wanting to
define the threshold for heavy right now.
In the first is from a recording posted by a speaker,
a new tube: Speak of Nova Scotia Cage in French,
which I made an effort to transcribe the couple of years ago on and off.
Its is still there and I've color coded the English insertions here.
UNK Because of this particular Dinah to French law,
fluent in English and has entire repertoire of structures of English available to them.
but I understand and I found this just actually after visiting there
and speaking to people in the six villages where this dialect
spoken on Cape Breton Island and with an art of Nova Scotia a couple of years ago,
that these These kind of insertions are the are the default in this style of French.
Of course, people go to school and learn Standard French,
and they can make an effort to shift registers and
to substitute these English derived expressions by French expressions,
but this is the normal weight that they would use them.
UNK It's a color coded English insertions here.
Read stands for what would broadly be defined as grammatical function words.
The pale pink are lexicon content words and then there's
a couple in between that are local relations.
Expressions that are arguments to verbs are kind of a few words.
I thought if you, casey the verbs,
and it goes something like this,
I'm of course not a native speaker of Nova Scotia.
Cage in French, but I did learn French and kopecks,
so that's not not far away.
well shaped. back among you spoke,
he sat beside her, but subdued by Laennec.
As you are skinny and no one around,
And because we're by live so vicious vice.
If the recording here who knows Kitty?
Someone vomit upon the back you know, she whispered.
UNK Higher something busk you succumb suckers. Balcom bow
she knew which could never. Scotia, I hope gives
you will be asked in Texas, which carry Bushnell.
we see Anna is to move about well. Simone,
really, I mean God,
because she could see that radio k b,
one to one of the leading in a proud defies,
you could say the station that even though kids have whence he shall,
I axed him to come while is so called down.
Really she knew, So what have we got there?
We were glad to connect her some discourse markers like well,
but so even though we've got indefinite expressions, something someone.
UNK And we've got these fillers and delicacy markers
that our verbal and that also carry inflection.
to the extent that English has inflection so prolific pronouns things like Who knows you know?
but also I mean, And I hope so,
hold on to that for a moment,
and well look at another example from a different part of the world.
Damaris. He is in into Arion language spoken by
formerly peripatetic communities scattered around the Middle East,
and the Drew Sloop dialect is one that I worked on
in the late making nineties.
At the time there were about forty to fifty speakers and
I recorded most of them.
There's only one speaker left. and love is this.
She has nobody to speak to him in her language.
Now I've parceque your battery, and so so that
it just to make it easier to follow.
So goes something like this. She says, Love a
good time. Accustomed dick, None that did him
a dollar sunk up when I was small.
They didn't send me to school. UNK: The
amount of the mic. And I stayed at home like
a servant with them. and Yanni couldn't am.
I could. we, I mean, Well,
I could show me. Well I want me. Well
I would become him hallock. And like I was,
always at home, neither did I go out,
nor did I come in, nor did they take me anywhere.
UNK: So what do we've got here?
again? We've got connected and conjunctions like when
And we've got indefinite like anywhere.
While some were sorry our ways and anywhere.
And we've got two verbs. Fine it verbs with
their Arabic inflection. In this case they are used as
lexicon verbs. I was and I stayed so.
Verbs of extension verbs, verbs of motion.
But actually these two verbs infiltrate the language as modal exhilarates.
that was is used mainly for past and the two
ala team and stayed is used in the sense of continue
to continue to to do something and that they are part
of a of a small set of motives in reverse
that are imported from Arabic with their Arabic personally and tense inflection.
So compared with these two examples of the kind of reference for
heavy borrowing languages, we find, among other things:
This is not an exhaustive list. Of course,
connect us conjunctions. we find discourse markers, we find
wholesale importation of indefinite expressions and we also find wot'll expressions with their infliction.
And of course that's not the only thing,
but this is something that is not found in every language that borrows even in the grammatical.
Give me interesting is also what we don't find in
either the examples we don't find borrowing of personal pronouns.
There is a certain overriding the mariage homage and later,
but the gently no importation of personal pronouns or of demonstrative or of tents.
aspect in person markers on lexicon verbs nor case markers on the noun.
But but then the the contact language just don't have them anyway.
And that in my view is is to Griffith it
it's not insignificant and I'm not saying of course,
that these items can never be borrowed. But in these two cases,
where we see masses borrowing both in terms of quantity but also across different categories,
it is quite as these categories are quite conspicuous in not showing any contact influences.
And that and similar observations leads me to conclude that contact and use language change is selective.
It is a symmetrical in that it affects some functional and structural categories more than others,
and it is often also hierarchical in that it affects values of particular categories in a way that is predictable.
That is, if one value is borrowed,
chill was borrowing, then another went will as well.
and I attribute that not to socially wistik reality as as some people have suggested.
I don't think the socialistic on the trigger.
The social cultural relations among communities are of course the settings,
the setting that enable language contact, and so content and
use language change to take place in the first place,
and certainly social cultural attitudes.
two. Languages are those that enable or not for impeded
the propagation of innovations that come up in individual interaction.
individual settlers, but they are not the trigger I propose for those innovations,
and they are certainly not the reason for the symmetries and hierarchies that we find.
Rather, I attribute those of cemeteries and hierarchies
to a layered structure of the language faculty itself.
And so I conclude that language contact of the contact behavior of categories
is of offers us an insight into the layered structure of the language faculty.
And if the language faculty is layered, that is,
different categories and different functions are arranged.
Hierarchic glee than that suggests that the language faculty reflex stages,
sediments, UNK,
of different stages in the evolution of the language that it's
a language contact offers a certain window to try and reconstruct or even just to speculate in about the stages in the evolution of language.
What is language context that we talk about?
Languages are systems and we talk about language contact by analogy
as systems coming in touch with one another in influencing one another.
But of course the reality is that language contact is about
users of language that have a complex repertoire of linguistic features
and they have to cope with that complex repertoire and be able to apply strategies which are socially acquired,
but needs to constantly be monitored and and and applied and implemented in order to be able to maintain some kind of b Marcadel and within their repertoire of linguistic features.
To be able to communicate separately, discreetly with different population
groups or individual interlocutors, or by topic or whatever way.
It is better to make me clean that the markets and
that the market and requires hard work.
It's durable, its dual. we do it as Milton in long users,
but you cannot just think there's generally agreements which
off a language wholesale and which is activated if we want
to call them languages are here in time.
Repertoire of structures is activated at all times and you have
to work hard to select those features that are relevant
and inhibits those that are not.
and there is generally grim. and now that's
that's hard work. can be attributed to something that
these and other authors have named the executive control.
So the idea that we process language departing from some kind of communicated
go through a conceptual lizer that leads us to put together what it is that we wanted to say,
scanning our repertoire of experiences and communication to find tasks.
UNK Teen! And then when we have these small,
to glisten the parallels theatres where their word forms of constructions in our repertoire,
to apply a selection and inhibition mechanism that will at the
same time selected those task affective routines that are admissible and permissible in the particular setting,
our context,
or relating to the particular topic on which we are.
UNK Communicating and inhibits those that are not now.
One can also speculate whether this selection in the bishop mechanism that is obviously universal and available in principle to all human beings,
whether they are monitoring both who have not yet returned to their either language,
or whether they grew up in a molten ingle setting,
whether that is something that is all done at a secondary UNK If you believe or except and of the monnow genesis of language,
then you we won't have had a need for the selection and bishop mechanism until the diver sophistication of language came about.
and then by lingual isn't came about. but we'll
leave that for the moment we are able to use the selection to bishop mechanism.
It's part of our competence as uses of language,
and yet there are lapse. There are lapses in this election. in addition,
where we might choose thee to be blind to the correct construction,
but from the wrong language will give you just a couple of examples in it,
and I'm sure people will be able to associate that with things that they them served,
or on others, or on them selves.
So this is the Saudi ambassador to the u k,
doing a television interview, and he says,
I would beg to say that yonder in the Kingdom is a very meek territory.
Now there is no social prestige or rhetorical effect that can
be achieved by using in Arabic discourse. Margaret,
like Yanni in a television interview,
This clearly a speech production error of the kind,
A failure to inhibits the infiltration of a very common,
not Arabic, filler.
Here doing a very, very formal speech or interview in English.
UNK Here's another example of this is that there's just
to show that it is not necessarily the native language that it escapes that control.
This is a native speaker of German who is living in
England and speaking in Hebrew, and says,
And he was ever to the locusts the are in more.
I think it's not a church any more in England.
they have these churches that are converted into warehouses there
if they're not very sentimental about it.
And so it is clearly that the right word,
but from the wrong language. And again we've got
it into discourse. Mark of the forward at a dinner,
in definite or or face or adverb here indefinite.
It's our common, and what we find very common
in these lapses are precisely those elements that we found in those two heavy borrowers before.
Here is just one more. This is a native speaker,
Polish, who resides in Germany,
but his visiting in England at the time in this example is recorded.
And she's commenting on the set up for internal setup of arrest. Around and see,
says Bits of besotted Tisdale, Because thy as the eye,
and clearly the self repair shows us that this was not intentionally,
so that this was an error, Now that melodies individually lapses will not, and to language change.
There a picked up the army pair they are went off,
But in many situations they make In situations where the Lapps has become habitual,
where there is an absence of a normative intervention,
quite often in minority languages that are that lack literacy,
in that like institutional support,
and in a situation where there is permanent smelting,
lingual ism or by lingual ism and binding with his mysterious is uni directional.
Very often these elements will will infiltrate and become part of the new routine,
so they become perpetuated lapses if you will.
and part of the new teen in that language.
And here's an example from a speaker of other
low body dialect of Romany from here from Hamburg.
And she says lucky, familiar sauce zone.
guess of it at the spleen up.
her family were alike kind of artists. Right now this
is the first generation in this family that lived in Germany.
The parents came from Poland, says the first in ration
that has driven as a second first.
UNK: Which as it were, and already we have
exactly the same elements. so fillers tags discourse mockeries indefinitely
in so unbecoming and inherent part of the spoken Romany language.
So soon as I conclude that there is a link between
the failure of the executive control,
the lapses in selection inhibition and language change.
Of course, not every situation out every individual laps or
speech production arrow like that will lead to language change.
and not every language change you to contact comes from a lapse of the executive control.
that there is a whole class that does if the situation in right in the UNK,
UNK Behind that being,
to reduce the effort and the competition between the effort needed
to process certain types of grammatical operators and the one needed to meeting in effective management of the selectmen and a bishop mechanism.
So there's a load reduction incentive there unless other
And this is where social wistik attitudes of normative interventions stand in the way.
and this indicates to us that there is a link between
patterns of language change and those vulnerable functions of language.
That is, news functions of language that are vulnerable,
more vulnerable to lapses in the control over the selection had been in mechanism.
and that to me indicates that would like to suggest that
those vulnerable functions of language are also the archaic functions of language.
The occasion the functions of language that our primary,
perhaps more primitive, primitive in the evolution history of language,
those that's more easily escape the analytical control that is required to maintain the effective selection.
In addition, mechanism as part of these are,
could have controlled Let me,
just for a second pause and say a few words about sampling in contact with
Dick's I gave up the couple of random examples at the beginning,
but we are in a position now to make some,
if not completely conclusive,
generalizations about the mechanisms of contact induced change.
Now sampling is a challenge, of course, in any area in Me.
Mystics in contact with six. It is particularly challenging
because in order to identify what is a borrowing,
we need thy aquatic information on the language and its previous conduct.
And that is missing for a great number of languages,
perhaps for the majority of languages that are spoken in the world.
UNK We also need to have a fair assessment to
have languages that are in various situations.
in terms of the power we nations among the language is
involved languages that do and do not have institutional support.
Language where Bunting with his army is Unity,
the Rickshaw and by directional and so on.
to complete the sampling so that adds further complications are none the less.
There are some such samples that we can draw on.
Stuart's of Skull its being one of the earliest,
a sample of several dozen men. or Merican languages in
contact with Spanish under comparable historical social, cultural conditions.
Together with Victor and Shake we worked on Romany, Darling.
This is the kind of the opposite of the same recipient language
in contact with many different conduct languages under comparable historical,
social, cultural conditions.
In Matterson Sacker we published several chapters that deal with different language context
to issue a round the world from based on firsthand experience of the contributors.
and there are of course various surveys that are devoted to particular categories.
In contact. are Drawing largely and Publicists.
There is sometimes risks of misinterpretation there,
but we have quite a few things to draw,
so it would UNK Pictures is not completely satisfactory.
There's a lot of work still to be done,
but we do have some insights that can be gained in that way.
and to give you just one example for four years.
UNK This goes back to earlier work minds of more than twenty years ago
when I first looked and barring hierarchies in a number of categories,
and this looks at coordinating conjunctions.
This as on in some Romany dialects based at the time and published sources.
In the meantime, we have this huge data base of
Romany dialects with more than one hundred and fifty sixty varieties,
and they completely confirm this picture.
So these are the varieties that borrow the conjunction and from
their covert contact language. and these are the ones that
borrow or and these are the ones that borrow butts,
And that's kind of graft becomes even neater when you when you expand the sample.
UNK This is a sample of a number of languages that
have come under the influence of liturgical Arabic over the centuries in one way or another,
and they ranged from how signed for landing and all the way to Turkish.
It was big, and these are the ones that borrow and from Arabic,
and these are the ones that Barbara or and these are the ones that borrow.
But and we get exactly the same kline and this is finally
Stokes and starts as sample of em are Indian languages,
so America in contact with Spanish.
These are the ones that borrow, and these are the
ones borrow or and these are the ones that ball room.
But to the arrangement doesn't show. You hear that they are piratical,
but but they are in exactly the same way.
So it is comparing samples like that for the season and
other categories that we can get to observe.
UNK such as These are looking at gardening conjunctions,
irrespective of structural configurations. There is clearly a vulnerability of
contrast over continuity in an implication of hierarchy.
And that is a semantic pragmatic hierarchy that appears with coordinating condenses,
but also in other categories.
UNK So in prepositions, for example, except is more borrowed.
all then with and there's an implication of hierarchy there and subordinating conjunctions,
although and win or the inactive supportive comparative, and so on.
So an element of contrast is more vulnerable to contact than the element of continuity.
And in this I think Wriggle refers the impression that it is
the burden on the executive control that rule trigger lapses in the selection.
and in addition, if those lapses then perpetuate and we
get contact him to use language change and in a similar way weaken,
postulate up some other hierarchy such as modality,
more vulnerable to conduct, induce change, then tents and aspect.
Here again we gets the aspect of the V,
the element of presupposition of insecurity. indefinite. It's more so than other so called chronometer expressions,
which of course called into question leave the categories Asian of elements as pronouns in the first place,
but indefinite, leaving open the specification So a more here oriented category,
again more vulnerable in terms of speakers authority to assert something leading to conversational tension,
coming at the expense,
then of the effective management of selection inhibition mechanism.
Discourse marker is focused. poorest. a gal's
more so than other so called function.
where is again calling into question the usefulness of an over our category. function words,
But function words,
Whether category used my talisman and cough When in one of the
first attempts to postulate the hierarchy of borrowing these kind of very vague notion of function,
where it's a function which are not generally burgle,
but these particular ones are, but also prosody in intonation, more vulnerable to contact
inflooence then I'm sick mental phenomena. UNK: So
how do we make sense of all of this?
In a nutshell, what is easily borrowed and why were? First of all,
not all borrowing is motivated by the same factors,
and clearly borrowing is most widely found among lexicon items,
but there the motivation is conceptual enrichment in every language.
has more like sick on more nouns than anything else,
so that that belongs into different motivations.
and and and doesn't pertains to Sara Lee to to the lapses in control.
UNK: Similarly, certain social cultural interaction with teams are
borrowed indeed as part of the convergence of social cultural conventions.
So greetings like Salaam Aleikum or titles like Your Majesty or dates
cited as a girl Craddock formulas of many speakers of minority languages that lack their own.
for Rock Racine, even though they have numerals and
they can count after nine hundred and eighty eight.
When citing dates, will use the formula that is used in
the language of administration in the country in which they live.
but returning to grammatical operators so automated gestures show lacks controls,
things like Durham particles, eyes or height,
and others elements that show a potential clash with the priests of position,
so change phases advert like all ready, indefinite, like somewhere.
UNK mentioned contrast of expressions about except or generally expressions of modality,
things that are then to be intuitive or emotive,
so so into a nation or or interjections,
as well as perhaps the entire apparatus that I've named monitoring and directing so where the speaker is at and tis a painting and preempting listener sided reactions,
and sometimes intervening with those in order to process chains of expectations,
are all those fall under those elements that that we see
as as as being vulnerable to lapses in the selection.
In addition, and also easily barbel in situations of language contact.
again all things being equal and and again I attribute
these two lapses in this election. In addition,
mechanism interferences such as interaction of tension impeding the effective management of selection in her bishops,
or intuitive gestures escaping the control and attention of the selection.
in addition mechanism, or sometimes even the difficulty in attributing
parallax ago items to particular languages.
again going back to that image of the user trying to manage it,
makes sense of the complex set of features in their repertoire
and assigning them where necessary and where required and expected to particular what we called languages socially constructed.
And here I'm just going to pause for a second for an anecdote,
I think maybe this is the place to reflect on
when did I decided to become a linguist and specialized in contact linguistics?
And if I can find a moment it may have been around
the age of seven or so now that I knew you had concrete plans then.
But but I grew up speaking Hebrew in English and in a couple other languages,
and we were about and of visit to America when I was around seven
and I was I spoke much more convincing American accent,
American English back then than I do now.
And I was remembered talking to some kids and I
was asked something in my answer was negative,
I get one and to give a negative answer
and I said sorry what I said and they didn't know what I was on about
and I was completely surprised because to me it was not a word,
it was it as universal gesture of negative UNK because it
was used in Hebrew and Arabic and Greek and yet ishan and also that other hangers
and they didn't expect there wasn't UNK So these
things escaped our control not because of just a lapse or lapse of attention,
but because of the difficulty when trying to make sense of that complex repertoire,
too easily assign it necessary to this language or that.
so back to what isn't borrowed and why,
because we owe an explanation here and what I'm getting at
is not that there is in the constraint of physics or something like that.
that says that nothing can ever be borrowed here.
There is a bit of an industry out there of finding counter examples.
are how Here's a counter examples of mattresses wrong,
and people kind of get very excited sometimes about that I get excited too.
i I indulged in i I in joy that counter examples then join,
particularly the fact that they are counter examples.
because a counter example needs to be looked at for its merits.
What happened was the particular situation? But the counter example
doesn't mean that everything else is not valid.
On the contrary, it is a counter example.
and that should prompt us even more so to reflect
And why is the trend Trent? and not to dismiss the Trent,
but to kind of Davao evill responsibility and duty to devote
our attention to the trained and tried to explain it so wet.
isn't borrowed? and why? well inextricable expressions.
And they are exactly the opposite, perhaps of some of
the things that are some of these things of that I was talking about before.
They express referendum, will, harmony and a shared strongly share to presuppose mapping.
So precisely where there isn't that interjectional tension of how do I preempted?
Incorrect possible inference is on the side of the listener.
and intervene and the same with predication grammar,
something that that is used as As you haven't they
been pointed out some years ago,
many years ago for the anchoring of proposition or content.
and stablish mint of and shared you vent perspective
Here again we are relying on speaker listener harmony.
so it is precisely not those situations where the speaker is
on high alert. What will the listener in fur?
and how do I presumed that and had way into the Indian?
How do I break that chain of incorrect expectations?
Now there are overrides Once again I'm not suggesting there
will never be borrowings here in this to give you a couple of examples the amount he borrows.
Jerusalem De Mari borrows result of pronouns from Arabic,
but it borrows them within part of the wholesale borrowing of
the ten plagues of relative clauses from Arabic.
So that includes the relative visor itself, the order of elements and the reference,
in the absence of any element that can match that function.
In the Maori it borrows the inflicted result of pronouns from Arab exit,
So there isn't a dinner band or constraint on these,
but there's generally a lack of motivation.
Where there is a motivation, we might find borrowings there. And similarly,
as we saw before, the mode or express lord of
verbs from Arabic in De Mari Carey Arabic inflection Once again,
that would vision here is to borrow modality,
and modality is borrowed wholesale.
My plea, there is a fusion among the languages.
For the Maori speakers it isn't strange,
just like for German Streeter speakers, it's not strange
that computer has the same word in English and German.
technical innovation. So take baby the same word in Derriman
In an English it doesn't doesn't come across
as if the languages are one and the same.
For de Mari speaker had to say: I want to,
I need, I can.
I starts. I begin, I end in the same infliction.
It is not strange for it. and that doesn't
mean that is no difference between the languages.
They just kind of conferred a fuse around those functions.
So back to our Onto my point about borrowing an archaism,
I'm suggesting that the more bearable elements are those that
are more prone to lapses of the insect if control.
they are the ones that are more instinctive,
well more hard wired if you want, and more archaic.
The more primitive functions of language that more easily escape our control, more easily automated.
whereas the less barbel are those that are more easily controlled,
so less prone to lapse of the executive control.
The functions that are more on and a little and reflect a later cognitive development.
So where can that be positioned within approaches to language?
Eva Lucian. Well, first of all,
there is the big debate between what has until recently just been attributed to the Chums skin tradition,
but I think is formulated most explicitly in Barrack and Chump Ski.
Recently,
the idea that language is a kind of a sudden outburst of
a single single mutation creating what is referred to as merge the ability to bring together elements,
the capacity to form recurring to him in every language except for Piero as we know,
but but other languages and I have recurred to him,
so that the marriage capacity and that is the beginning of of language,
a single development.
as opposed to the majority of cultural anthropologists and others who
see language as the product of a gradual evolution starting from
a pre human form of communication that is still with us,
that that so some of those pre human forms of communication are still embedded into human communication.
More specifically, I'd like to relate to three theoretically models.
The first by hanging could have that looks at the volition of language
through the prism of grammatical as they should fear him and basically follows the stages:
UNK So first we had now UNK because now it's
kind of grammatical ice from anything else than we had other
lexicon categories that can come from nouns.
then we had things like demonstrative that positions aspic,
negation and so on that can grammatical eyes from those and
finally those that are not even necessary, present in every human language.
subordinate was gleaming markers and so on.
UNK So the idea that the structural Eva Lucian of particular
forms also reflects the evolution pathway of communicative functions,
but that the focus here is on structure.
So I don't accept this wholesale,
but I'm not completed as I was showing the moment
when I'm not completely hostile to it.
Either Tom or Cellar looks at language not not as structures but as cooperative human behavior.
UNK: And as to jested that if there was a mutation,
a single mutation that led to human language capacity,
it was the ability to view the other as an intentional agent,
and so the ability to do precisely that pre
empt what the other person is going to do and seek
to intervene with that and the first up,
so drawing on a tension,
getting gestures that are there in pre human communication,
the first uniquely human communicator.
UNK: is what he calls requesting,
so based on some kind of common ground and seeking joined.
A tension then comes in forming, created,
made possible for us to some kind of random vocal imitation, giving us words.
and then comes what he calls me ration so sharing attitudes
put building them in two information and requests and leading to the emergence of complex constructions.
and finally at the lugger's over view of nurse that logical mapping of language functions and distinguishes three phases. UNK: The first is simply the availability of noises,
which is a pre human form of communication, but we switch,
we still employ lake then comes from it its symbolism so cling to the anatomical ability to produce syllables,
giving us the ability to form lexicon meaning and finally the ability to combine to something like marriage,
perhaps so the emergence of grammar,
but most importantly grammar things to verse and and as he points out,
there is a link here to Vanda phase Yam,
which thought of care for its effects,
Lexicon meaning verses.
Broca phase Yacht,
which affects grammar and verbs of giving the idea that there is actually
a neuro physiological separation of grammar and verbs on the one hand,
and Lexicon meaning, so predication is again a secondary or separate development.
So this is where I conclude with a contact linguistic perspective
we will have had initially prosaic and facial expression of emotion
that has perhaps parting shared with presumin communication.
Some people claim that they can read the moods of their
dogs and cats by the way the barking per whatever it
is that the cats do in facial expressions.
but I think we sort of assume that
fatal expressions are a universal expression of emotion.
Although I've been reading that people are now working very hard
to try and design facial recognition software that can read he
motions and our encounter in quite a few difficulties with that.
So it's not just the face itself,
it's it's all sorts of things around.
But we sort of take for granted that kind of universal.
UNK. You can assess people's mood and emotions
by looking at their faces, perhaps not in England.
I've been living in England for twenty eight on changing,
but but elsewhere in the world.
but at some point we had conventionalized expressions of emotion for
para lexicon, interjections, and so on.
And that may have been the very first uniquely human communication
devices so linked to what Thomas l o. says,
The kind of intervention with the other.
But I would put monitoring a directing is a slightly more sophisticated stepping.
That is, perhaps he related to Thomas Ellen's requesting
on and the whole aspect of modality,
being able to say whether something to secure or or insecure knowledge.
In that sense of then comes in forming and lexicon and
then predication to the ability to form predication verbs.
tense aspect. The shared perspective on the vents following the
informing and being then followed by indicates the Kalitines the ability
to use a kind of a shared abstract mapping of things.
So I'm here, as you can see them,
This is a sequence of postulated sequence of the developing of
activities of human communication capacity that is very tightly linked to the borrowed billeted hierarchies them that we discussed before.
UNK So what are the implications? Perhaps for the
big debate will merge might still be,
and here I'm kind of taking it and characteristically conciliatory tone.
I think marriage Kens took his seat, I think,
as a very significant step in human language.
Eva Lucian. If we related specifically to Predication grammar in Earth,
Because if you believe that language is predication and syntax,
and that is what language is,
then you're a cave to say that human language started with merge,
but as she believes that it is more than that, there's more involved in communication than marriage is.
is one step that isn't dead it into a sequence of
communicating devices and not necessarily the earliest development that is uniquely human to their language in the language faculty.
so so it may have been a big bang there,
but wasn't necessary. The first big bank what is uniquely human.
So I'll conclude with jest and over of you of
my sincerity of language. You, for Lucian,
we were there will have been some kind of pre human
advance communications device that had a meaningful use of pitch and intensity of voice,
rhythm in repetition, facial expressions and gestures.
And then we go to a kind of a only human,
perhaps social communication device that included some kind of UNK,
gestures, prompt rejection,
approval and this intervention with the other and intervention with the other as intentional agent,
with the listener responding to presuppositions.
This notion of modality qualifying things, expressing contrast,
answer for and surprised, and so on.
UNK leading to the emergence of an early human verbal language with conventionalized,
rougher entrail expressions and techniques to combine words of this is perhaps a pre merge merge,
so the ability to reduplicate,
which we find almost universally in some form or other in human language.
i very simple example of guile in Hebrew is
a wave and got a garden is a wheel.
So two times wave. So something like that you know
the ability to reduplicate could have easily preceded the ability to predicate.
and so there is some kind of combined UNK Before we have predication,
follow then by the advanced verbal language which would have been the argument.
proto language that included predication is in proposition of chains than
potentially as well as indexing and abstract mapping of our knowledge.
Follow then by the diversity. UNK human language to all
the processes that have been explained to us by the new
UNK and others grammatical UNK and mapping of intonation patterns.
To look you shouldn't be emergence of sub category such as definite articles,
numerals, adjectives and so on that can be languid specifics.
So on the map of human communication devices,
we still share some devices with non humans.
UNK Most of ours are shared with humans and some are
population specifics, which are the ones that we,
as Ling was,
tend to be most interested