Ich werde leider meine eigene Sprache benutzen. Also im Vortrag,
ich hoffe, dass ich verstehen werden kann. Onne,
oh more processly time, was the life blood of the Ancient Greek City.
In that it with a key driver of public Vahavior.
Arguably what motivated a greek to act in the public interest,
above all was the time, respect,
value on or that would a crew to him for exaction from its from its fellow man.
Particularly, but not any from the citizen sowieso
in Police
This was the case in Ancient Deathings, no lestern in
any other greek city. And in Athings as in other cities,
it is a phenomenem to which the IP Graphical Record is elequent witness,
above all via the inscribed on a riffice to create.
We have records of honors at Athings award it by a wide variative bottis,
not any council and assembly, but try team,
fratry, board of afficials,
to a wide a rive different honorance,
some members of the awarding group,
some not
And devast range of different on us might be award it,
statuse, crowns, dedications, titles,
rights and privileges, rewards, but symbolic and practical.
The bibliography on the topic is vast,
at the head of eyes on more on the hand out,
I list three weed recent works in the english language tradition,
which engage thoughtally with the Assinian evidence,
and three which references can be trease to much to much use for early a work.
Mark to mingous book,
those primarily about the origins of ewig attism,
also engages
with its later development
Darrell Englands work, facus he's primarly on honors for trade related services.
But makes useful observations on honor effective crease more broadly. And peterly down study,
lays the ground work for his full treat month evathenien,
the crease in the literally record,
which is currently impress with came bit university press.
Peters work is a sort of compliment in a sense to
my own efforts to make sense or the epigraph more record
is examining in full dress mode.
The literally evidence for Awards of all infact, for centry,
the creates, recorded in the literally events,
but including one riffice the creates.
As a consequence of this are bundance in the Athenian historical record,
there are are number of different parthways that the historian countries through it.
A traditional approach the history as a gram donarity,
has 10d to dominate, implying if ocused on the highest
on his that so call my guistay, Thema,
typically including a public state, you and other high others.
The alk it type of which was the postdemers award to
the terreny sites, how more do as an air is
to guy town
This award was important, then establishing a fundamental idealological link,
between Democracy to ranni sites, and how this for a thoney and citizens.
And this is my thing today, how the connection between
Democracy and honor is what I'm trying to unpact today.
So it's important that at the head of the list as
it were of honor effect the crease,
we have this famous award,
how more you as an arrist to guide,
defending Democracy is right at the heart and
the soul
of honorrific
Die honorativen Prozesse in Athings sind. Aber dieses Award,
wie Mardios und Asien, war never replicated und der radikalen Democracy in der Fist-Century.
Und die nextre Sepienten von public honorive existent used Athings,
mit der Heroes of Knete Oss in 3,5, 3,5,
3,5,
4 BC,
Conon and UI-Grass des cellemis on cypress. There are after the highest one as where award it rather sparingly,
to as exoccession of prominent atthenian generals,
and that least from the 3,30 is also to leading Suvilienfigures
It is these high honors to very prominent individuals,
that that there main for cause of the treatment of all
centry authors in philippe coach years, influential 1985 study,
lay city, crack, a little via Affeteur.
And my own mysreason discussion on them, is in my
notes to AI UK2, British School Deathing's number one,
the cree of 314 3BC, honoring as end
ross of massadam. And which is on my website atticking scriptions online,
which is a earliest, well present, in scribe,
case of such and awards,
dating really as you see quite late 314 3BC
The Recipience of the Magistery, Thema, I have ever,
where are by definition members of the lead?
And there these all is where award it by the collective.
They are not democratizing in the sense, I'm interested intoday.
To understand of democratizing that dynamic that interests me today,
when needs to presaid that two aspects of classical athings were intention.
First, it was in deed a democraty in the Greek sense.
This ment not any that made you decisions what taking by the collective.
It also, I mean, that was why
hit participation in office holding
Offensees are point it by lord, 10 year typically for just one year.
The successor of the secity depended on the performance,
not anally or indeed, not mainly of the elite,
you were can idates
for the Maggiestyle to market. But the ordinary citizens,
who fail the values number of anual offices.
I key drive of the performance of these officials,
was a love of honor.
It was in the cities interest to incurage of this philotymea
and honors it to the benefit of
the city
The problem here, however, is that the persue
to evanna in the RK-Period and the Fist centry,
was a concern primarily of the elite.
But the rest of this talk,
I should trace primaries to the epigraphical record,
the process where by beginning in the last decade of the Fist centry,
this persued with systematically democratized, and may to apply to citizem office holders in the mass.
One a and one be on the hand out,
out of the inscriptions of the last decade of the Fist centry BC,
which in different ways manifest at democratization of one in the
sense,
I'm interested in
The early of the two is IG1, cute 5,
1,5, hand out number 1,1.
Which shows that at the latest by 4,87 mC. The ethereiens
at instituted a competition, among the cancel prettin is,
to be voted the best presonally of the year.
The preson is with a tribal contentians of the council.
And they function does a kind of executive committee of the
council for authent of the year in raritation.
And important point to a prese rate about them,
is that thanks to the appointment system for councilers up
of all the limitation on service to twice in a lifetime
They were men that this period predominantly by more
all less ordinary atthenience citizens in the mass.
And not by the elite. The take this competition was
instituted is not known. But it may not be care incidental,
that are first evidence for it,
dates short the after the democratic restauration, which fall in the allly gothic
revolution of 411. This may well be significant for two reasons,
one pragmatic, one idea elogical.
First, pay for counciles and other efficials,
at being a bolished in for one one
So, Neumann, Mr.s, for counciles and other officials,
after for one one. In play chase view, there
were two types of political pay, money and honors.
It's no surprise that honors should emergy in the epicraphical record,
just to the point when money, sees is the been element in the equation.
The second way this timing is significant is a idea logical. According to artony is,
the supporter of democracy in and vertical commerce,
in the debate on the constitutions stage by heroditors,
book three, type to 80, in peasure,
in 5 to,
to BC
A long side a pointment by lord and accountability of ficials,
the relationship between council and assembly was one of the three
cornerstones of rule of the mass or is enormy.
A constitution in which all proposals are effect to the collective,
but you matter the panther as talk coin on NFRA.
So relationship between the council and the assembly quite often
a look in some traditions of institutional analysis,
is absolutely key to our understanding of the quality of ancient
democracy from their own perspektive
In der Konstitution der Pedals, die 4-1-1,
und er zeigt, dass die Balance der Power per sizely
von den Assemblyen zu einem Small more Oligarchik cancel 400.
Eine Regie, mit der ich den Thronenten von Aristocraties und Thronemanies procisionally bekomme,
countries of the principle formulatey by our tonies, the 400 decided everything themselves,
and refurt nothing to the wide a body of the 5-
1000. In other word, I doubt that it's core incidental,
that is a tempt to incentivize,
good performance why the council,
came about just at the time,
when the councils constitutional position and performance had been in
the top of
the political agenda
In Annika ist, whatever the procise,
origins of this competition,
it is the mocratizing in the sense that it taps into
a goal nal instincts and behaviors connected with the persuitive time,
which can arguably be associated with the lead ideology and socialization.
And aims to transfer those behavious to the countsel perprisony is,
which when much more broady representative of the thiniens citizen population.
It is however also a limited democratization,
the inscription doesn't that tually use the lineuage of honor
and it's a saciated
paraph and aidea particularly crowns
And not all the pretty members our listed in this inscription.
And the verse reasons to why this might be,
but import of the reason is quite possibly, because the dedication
was privately funded. And ownly that is how contributed to the cost
of it, had then names inscribed on it. A
raw the stronger democratizing flavor, a tachies to our second
that begraphically exhibit, one be on the hand out.
The inscription by which info a one OBC,
there restored Democracy on at those autheniens,
who it form the call of the democratic receistance movement
That had a period and had eventually successful every thrown,
the ally archic, john time, no nos the 30,
which had been in post on a things by spawns,
a following, I think,
it's different in the peloponiation more.
We poses are poly-preserved in scribed vasion of the decreate.
But iskinny is, gives a full are account to the
inscription in the speech a cames to most me is in 330.
In the context every eview of monyments in the ägger,
comemerating the great beats of vathinians of the past.
Iskiny is has the epic ram on the monyment redouting called,
I reproduce on the hand out the text in translation of
the epic ram
And also ist die Indischual Lines der Texte von der Firma in der Kree.
Dies genießt Files Auto an knowledge of the decree stating that
the one rands where are world it fooly ach growns,
also all you to in the epic ram and money for sacrifices and the dedication.
A third decree one see is also a relevant
here on the restauration of democracy following the oligar,
Q with 4 one one. They advotited successfully proposes to decree,
come thing that city to supporting the authorns of those or
had been killed in the oligar,
he will supporting the democracy.
As if they were war offense
Und du siehst,
dass die Little mit dem Text und der Translation,
die es gibt,
proposed ist,
many authenience as did a violent death in the oligaki,
was supporting that democracy to the children of these,
because of the benefaction of their fotos to was the thinien
people and the mandly virtue to give to the children of all these and obilar adday maintenance like that,
which they would give to the Offense.
This is not percisely and honory factically in Form,
but it is arguably in substance.
And it eckers the awards to the terranisides in recogniizing
those who fell in the service of democracy
I gain, it's significant nothing that there's own it in
this decree are ordinary atthenience, not members of any elite.
In different ways these three early cases over wards of honests to only atthenience,
the competition for the best performance or amongst the counts or pressioniers,
and the two examples of honests for those who it fort independence of democracy,
all three dating to the last decade of the face century,
and all from the after massive ally garky, cue,
land a particularly democratic flavor,
to this genre inscription,
in it's early as
face of development
In the following years, there is spiritic,
evidence for the honoring over thinians by the city.
Mainly in the form of inscribed dedications and a thirmator by office holders.
But it's not into half a centery laser that wording come emerating crowning,
but the council and people,
first to peers on dedication by dedications by authority and afficials.
So, wording come emerating crowning by the council and people,
the standard honorary fick term enology that were used to Ähm,
I peers first in 3,5, 7, 6 in 3,
efficial dedications, that hand out numbers two to fall.
The first of these hand now two is a dedication to
the 12 of gods by the hole council.
The second a dedication at the use is by the
holder of an unstated office and out three.
And the said, hand out for is a dedication by
tryer hocks
Or lither one extent educations by efficials from the mediate couple of years previous to three 5,
6. And we can't therefore the certain that this new style wording referring to crowning,
but the counts on on people wasn't in fact introduced a year all to earlier.
I suggested in my weason discussion in AI,
are you papers 9, that it's unlikely to be core into dental,
that we have three dedications, carring this new style wording,
date to the same year.
And that in particularly the unique education by the whole
can saw to the 12 gods
Number 2 on the hand out, explicitly come memorating the councils,
crowning by the people, would it be in an internaly,
a propriate way to enorgue rate by example,
the new style, which was handsfuls to apply to all deducations,
why counciles, council presonally is and other efficials,
overhome the council exercise, ever side.
After 35, 7, 6,
this wording referring to crawling by the council and our people,
appears regularly on deducations by afficials,
including in the continuing series of deducations, by council preson is,
and it's a example,
random example
hand out
So, we have a new start wording referring to the
crowning of afficials by the counts of and people from 3.5,
7, 6. But walk to this new start wording signified.
It did not it seem signified the beginning of the practice of crowning of ficials.
As a fused such crownings our test it earlier. Maybe like,
liebe Helps, the change reflected as as a systematic overhorror
this state in the arrangements for accounting by efficials for their conducting office,
the youth in a high.
And the consequent award of crowns,
which followed success where completion of that process
But in the Appsons of other explicit evidence,
so such an overhole at the state, literally or epigraphical.
We can only speculate on the detail. How ever,
there is one specific change that I,
so just do it in AIR papers 9. May have
a company in the Introduction of this new style wording,
with a all not it
was the main point of it. Early deducations why efficials,
when more all less clearly dedicates that the expense of the honor and themselves.
We already of this in relation to the dedication
of 487, but the pretty have a rectors
In contrast by the 340s BC, when as visual see shortly,
the crease onering efficials begin to be inscribed,
in 4, the full text of them.
Public provision is made commonly in these decrease,
not any for the costiving inscribing that the cree,
but also for a sacrifice and the dedication.
Examples are detailed at 6 on handows. 35,
7, 6 BC, might that, for I suggest,
have been the year in which public provision for the cost of dedications,
come memorating the award of honest to efficials
was introduced
The correlate of public funding of the dedication, on this high parthesis,
was a deep was requiet to carry the afficial formula.
If this is right, it represents and important
further step in the democratization of the culture of owner.
Advertisement and commameration in modern thems, publicity for other.
Is that the very center of the conceptive thema, itself?
Broadly speaking to make increasies in reportion to the
number of people that know about it
On any has to think of the contensions arounding tasifieds,
proposal that the crown for the mostny is,
should be perclaimed in the theater of dying ices?
In other ways, before a vast audience,
get it from a cross the greek world for the city dynamics here.
One of isking is key arguments against the award, is processally, that's itch a proglamation
was a legal yeargies. If my interpretation of this development in the wording of dedications,
by a ficials is right, from 3,5, 7,
6 BC, it's seems that was a problem to any authentien efficial who had past his youth any,
to seek that have that can memorated by addidication,
Setup in der Public Pace, paid for from their public Pass,
paid wolf in Public Ressources round and from the private ressources of the efficial.
The logical next step in the process, was the
inscribing of the full text of the honerificty create self.
And this was not long delate. In the made three 40s,
decrease of the consultant as embly honoring a thing in a ficials,
beginn to be inscribed in full.
The earliers in the regular series is the fragmentary IG2Cubed One
31 of 34, 4,
6,
5BC handout
This current signs with two developments in the wording of inscribed decrease, more generally.
The demonstration of philoty me at to was the people or
council in people, beginning to be preased to explicitly.
And that the same time, so call tatory,
intention claws, is our introduced into the takes,
of one of effectivity he is,
closers that he is which state to the intention of the honors,
sometimes explicitly thens,
intention behind the inscribing of the honors,
is to incourage others to the hey of like quines
So, three contemprete developments, full text of on the
crease only a thing and afficials, begins to be inscribed infull.
For the first time, phillottimea,
these disdisplay of phillottimea to was the people or council and people,
becomes and explicitly preis divirtue in the text of the decreate.
And at the same time, the whole tattory ingention close,
becomes introduced, you steadly into on refugeted crease,
which is to emphesize that the inscribing of the honors on the
ward of the honors is partly the intention on the line that is to incarriage others to behave like wise in the expectation that they were receive similar honor.
There is a example evil three phenomenal in IG22cube 136,
three three two bC,
honoring fenody miss of the might today,
handout number 8. I discussed that these three contemporary developments in
oner refuctive creates in of paper first published in two
tausend 11 in the festschrift von Nick Fisher
And reprinced in 2008. Well, I suggest it that they representiert.
I concerty attempt to instrumentalize the honorary ficty create as am
agent to incentivize behavior in Athens Interest, by both 400s and Atheniens.
I also suggest it that these developments can be seeing as
a count to part to an imputests to peanalize abarent behavior by efficials, that helps explain,
how is can is intrinsically week case against to markets was successful?
And which is manifest up of all in the series of
aggressive processutions of individual of the inience
Launched why like hirgus. Just as miscriant civic abehavior should be punished.
So virtuous behaviour should be reward it. And I said yes,
that is not kind cidental,
that these developments to place of the time,
when Athings political and militry position in the Greekworld,
where threaten by the Massodoniens,
she's straining to maximize the efficiency of and the effectivers of
the leaves that she compull,
diplomatically internationally and also internally by the selective awarding of honor
To Highlight and reward good behavior to was the city.
With the beginning of the practice of inscribing the text of the decrease,
themselves in the 3-40s,
on this for a Thenien efficials immerge from the shadows.
And from now one, we are in a much better position to analyze them.
I can't sell out that the crease in this castically in
a paper first publishing 2004 and reprent it in
20012. And this custom most recently in the NSA published in
2018. References to these two papers on the handout at number
Down to three to one,
such the crease typically honorathenience for the performance of democratic officies.
Importantly, the honorance where on average, more or less
ordinary affinience of no particular wellth all prominents. And in my 2018 paper,
I know to that the proposes of systecrease,
where comments year itly up relatively more this status,
propellers as as a such the crease,
where are relatively modist status,
when compared with the more elevators status of propellers as of
the crease,
honoring foreigners
You perpositic create honoring and atthenien originates typically in the count.
So the perposer is quite offen and tarty. I'm now in Athenien
, if you want to perposit the create honoring a foreign,
I you're much more likely to be from money of the higher,
says your economic classes.
Moving on to handout eleven in two cases,
I've mentioned these yesterday in the discussion,
honoring fan and eamers for substantial works of the empty around
I do two cubed one 348s and pitty as a
lot because for his work as manager of the Walter Supply. I I I G2Q
1338. The wording of the decreate hins agueably at personal contributions of financial Value.
But fulls short of explicit praise for financial doing nations.
It's clearing out from the literatory record and this links in with it discussion yesterday,
that office holders might contribute financially in the full centry
democracy to the custom of their offices.
And that this code in some case is be a contributory
effector to the award of honors
In Practice. But are you do that the inscribe
record reflex the strongly collectivist eithers of the classical democracy,
in which the wealthy were applies to contribute of their wealth.
Yes, could came claim credit forward inferencing context.
But all political context that masser, but could nothing expect,
public recognition forward in a ficial scietations for others voted by the essembly.
Search rehignation most invideos and potentially elitest in apolity,
in which the contributions of all where that hood,
as pareclease classical,
nancyated,
regardless all financial cetus
More usually, the Office is film body honorance who award
it these decrease, didn't not obviously in tailor financial contributions.
And the honorance when not man of welf-all prominents.
I mentioned one case that illustrates the general passion,
hand out 12, ID2, cubed one, 4,
7, 6, is it actually,
which probably one of the pro-edroy,
the product president committee of the Assembly,
which remarkably was in Office for just one day
This in ascense, takes democratization of one is to extremes,
not any, because of the extremely
short period of the one rands where in Office,
but also because the pro-edroy where ordinary authenience par extellence,
really man of wells all prominence, as is illustration bother stratistics,
that house in the table at 12 of on the hand out.
But this table show is is that while the majority,
a blittages and the creeper poses, are a tested in tracies,
a european one, I'm talk that these class,
definitions,
lecturn if you interested,
but produce
because to do with well from prominence
My use literally is the creep proposals our tested in classes,
ARB1, but this applies to any 7% of proedroy.
So, this decrease and extreme example of democratization of one
in the sense of I'm interested in it.
I gain to this background, it's on surprising that there are
momers of discontent in our literally sources.
It's a tophouse in the orages in the later fall centry
to complaint about the proliferation in the valuation of one originally
Compet with the good old days, for example, easy can easy 317,7 to 88.
And feel a frosters in his characters, 201,
significant leadshows to centerize the seacat after petty honors, microphylotimos.
But a more saber, assessment of the situation,
might be that the price exected by the dimers for the policy,
of explicitly, incurriging philotimier from the 340s on with,
was not endly that to be praise where the philoty
me amust be directly that the dimers itself
But also that a white cross-section of the cities and should
be in compost with in it scope,
both as honorance and perposes of honors.
Briefly in conclusion details in threats together. I've tried in
this paper to skate to projectory of one riving to cree
making as direct to the thing unificials from the late fish centry BC.
We start from a situation and ways the persuit of one
of ballons in the well of a lead ideology and socialization.
In to emerge is in the happy graphical record innovation to thinian.
So to seems that the end of the fish centry in context,
which are in different way strongly democratizing
In der 4-centry-democracy, wir witness 2K developments or sets of sets of deelements.
In 3576, the introduction of public funding for dedications,
come emerating the award awarmers to democratic afficials.
And in the main 34 is the linked phänomena of the
introduction of praise for philotimier of holtatory, intention cross is,
and of inscribe the crease on ring atthene and officials.
For the next 25 years, also these the crease,
gave public prominence to our issues,
he did not for the mast pop along to relate,
and praise them for the due conduct of their efficial juicies,
and not for the expendity of our personal welf in the
public interest
Similarly, the perpaces of the relevanted cree,
so typically man from models backgrounds,
relative to the more a linked backgrounds,
our proposes of the cree, only in Athenien, honoring firmers.
We like the evidence that would enable us to
assess systematically with other development sketched in this paper
, was accessful in incaraging good performance by afficials.
Cases that we get to here about of this kind in detail,
tent we documented in the Origins,
and that for by definition,
10 to be contested and lipscue or by political
olfer ensic reseric
But what the epigraphical evidence shows is a process where by
the city is operating in I think,
I like to argue arrational and sensible way,
given the political and ideological structures that existed in classical attithings,
and which obviously by definition
form the framework for action. A russional sensible way to
democratize the persuitive owner in the interests of optimizing the performance
of the city of as a whole,
to that extent,
I suggest that these developments comly placed on the positive side
of the balance in terms of the present conference
As an example of the funktionalität der Demokratie,
an not say much, the disfunktionalität.
Thank you very much