Okay. Ja, ich möchte sie alle begrüßen,
die hier zum Zuhören gekommen sind und vielleicht auch zum Mitdiskutieren.
Wir haben heute einen weiteren, eine weitere Lecture im Rahmen
der Lecture Series des Zentrums für Globalisierung und Governance.
The Title of the Lecture is paradac digmatic challenges of Governance.
And we were very happy that we have a visitor in
this whole week. This is Professor Neil Gilbert from the
University of California Berkley. We the center for globalization
and governance gave him
The title of a visiting professor in the Framework of our visiting, Professor Program.
That is supported by the Paccottee and the Dean of the Pacculty.
And we are very happy that you stays here for a whole
week and is also can at to meets and scientists from
the center and otto young scientists and you have supported young scientists,
also with comments on their papers at their presentate just
no before this here. So he has already program that
he did and so
far today
And I would liked to barry wriefly introduce professor gill but. He is,
I know him from his he from the international conferences and the international collaboration,
Professor Gillboard, has a very high international reputation,
he's very famous for his research on a comparative research on walfare states.
And he has a new marries high-positions in international associations in
editorial boards of Journals.
He was also on end is editar and co-editar of
International Journals
And the professorship, that he has is a channing professor
of social welfer. And this is at the school of
social welfer of the University of California at Berkeley.
And he is also co-director of different research institute switch comprise.
The center for child and used policy. And the center
for comparative family welfare. And poverty research. And he
was autofounding director of the family welfare research group.
So you see, he has a broad.
He covers a broad range of topics within comparative welfare,
we search that also includes topics like family issues and family policies. And he has,
he both senior research fellow for the United Nations Research Institute for the social development in Ginny war,
already in the late 1970s,
and what then senior full right research fellow,
in for the british welfare state, and head sever full right fellowships,
and then he was dazu, in Oxford,
at the University-Department of Social Policy, also as a visiting scroller.
He has acted in cevel context, as a dean, dean of the school of Social
Werfare for example, and than as Share of the schools,
Doctoral Program, and he was also in different context,
Share and our as chair of gradiot councils and many important commities.
And his publications, are very numerous and he has publish more than 30 books and more than 100 articles,
And what do I find very interesting,
here is also published articles in famous, journals,
like the Wall Street journal, the public interest in commentary.
And then many articles in leading academic journals,
by Anthonys books,
were also commented by the Washington Post and New York Times
and so they had comments on his book that you has publish and he has publish books like,
capitalism and the Warfare state,
or all so transformation of the Warfare state,
and also a book that is more about family development and family policies.
So I think that is a very that he his research
is very excellent and also most interesting and he he has
always innovative partbreaking ideas or so I think.
And we will today here a something from his laters book,
that he will introduce here in next step.
Thank you, very much for coming near
Tschüss. Thank you very much,
Burg it for that, that very kind,
very generous and someone exagrated in production,
I high free cited,
but I hope the egon tech role that seriously,
because you maybe expecting with a young
The your get today. It's a great privileged to be here.
I'm really, really through that's been enjoyable talking to the doctor students.
And I'm so clease that all of you could come in take the time,
the sevening to that me shess of my ideas with you
. I should say that the talk I'm going to give this evening,
is basically about inequality and the discussion of an equality in the United States.
But I think many of the ideas and you need the considerations,
concerning, the matics of abonny quality,
what the existential experience of an equality really means in terms that of the numbers haben,
dass diese Idee ein probably, prickables Wort für die countriesierte Even of these act exact data instatistics are not.
Okay, so that me started just anally for most started
the 20th century powerly represented the root of all evil.
It we sprouting from minality, violence, hungered to see,
premature a death, powerly was just seen us as
the root course of all these turble turble.
Social lowers. I would the tremendous girl for the world
for state of the lastics the years.
The purple campaign gainst powerly in the United States has almost
vannished from the public in swear
Talk about it in the elections, you don't here obama
talk about it in his last couple of dogs.
It's just gone. Today, economic in equality is scene by many
progressive as a root of most if not all all of a social ills.
President Obama desquaded, as the defining challenge of our time,
one, which thattens the very assence of who you are as a people.
All thought, polical efforts to a dose incommunic quality to not
carry to more of force of a a religious edit,
they have and into it of more of appeal
Okay, thank about the wonderful exposure to the idea of social justice.
If you have a group of sixy world, so seven your world,
to do and ran, even five your olds.
And you swit up the pie, you devided up.
And it turns out that this big piece of a here,
goes to one of the kids.
What are these say? Unfair, into the we, these john kids
have this ided, that's unfair. And you here that from them and,
and the course, the one to get the smalls piece,
the most the quick is to complain and complain the lautest.
And I shouldn't like complaine. All of the things we equal,
the things to be little, efficult justification for one child,
they get a bigger peace,
a bigger slice of the Pi than the other.
Those are doubts, we had come to recognize,
it is really if every the case, that all of the things are equal.
Cole marks, got around this problem,
but argueing and I'm coding him it's looking awkward,
but out use as language, he said,
that the secret expression a value,
name lead that all kinds of human labor,
are equal
and equivalent
Course is far is a human labor in general,
cannot be this cyphered on till the notion of human equality has a quite at
the fixity of a fixity of a popular project is.
It's an awkward frace, what he saying is that,
well, human labor has a same value,
because we're all eagle in my marks teams as people's most important charakteristic.
And that is that humanity. A this today algical of promilations scotts,
the issue of how or even when weather to a just to merit.
You don't get the same, was should they be some
this things with a guide too merit
Since classical entegrity, the balance, between merit any quality,
has animated physical, psychological, philosophical debate.
Aber what constitudes, a just distribution of material goods.
Are a startup example believed, that a fair,
and just distribution, could not ignore merit.
Once taking in the constituation. It made a
fair distribution, ascentually and on equal one.
So he qualify the idea that egual is just.
By different eighting between New Meracle,
and proportional equality
The Former dick takes that everyone gets the exact same Basket of Goods,
New Meracle, well, perpositly quality,
perscribes that the amount of goods, the seeves by different people,
is relative to the amount of effort,
each contributed to their production.
And this with this very death distinction, greggly,
last outs has given the wonderful quote.
And he saids that are a startup in making of
the stinction, the meratarion in mew of justice
Paid will locked and harmage to the ego atterrian viewer by
using the locabile of equality to a certain the justice of inequality.
Still, the case for weducing an equality,
that is made in the political. I mean, appeals
to the into earth of sense that equal equals fair.
Or that's been ask is that a millionär as in building
as, paid their fair slayer. This leaves societ,
the meritarian question, of how much they legitimately deserve,
to business, such vast,
well of in the first place
For the most part, perposals to vancy quality by taxing,
Taikons, if ox libel public our position. Wethere are
not targeting this group is just, many people would agree that,
millionärs, can easily your fort it, so why not?
And others would question, how bothly the Superwitch,
came about their welf in the first place. So,
the progressive case for income me distribution, gains,
and it support, from what I quality proveilling,
assumption, the economic inequality, is ineherently bad.
And this is something reflex, the tendency,
to conflate,
economic equality
To equate you will economic equality with equal eportunity.
The says are sign thing about if you equal eportunity,
everything also came out, equal temps of economic distribution.
Champions of increasing economic equality have an emotionally,
campelling our arguments, there are are a showers,
the more high ground to those, where make in the case.
It's not an argument, which any sensible politician,
or are, are food,
lowers among, you aspiring academissions,
who the not yet have 10 years,
want to end to
on the other side
Okay. This in political discourse, equality is south theirely invested,
as in abstract good, that questions are really raised,
about exactly, how much inequality, is acceptable.
How much is fair, how much really exists?
So the next time,
you have a discussion with some your friends and calleagues,
and it's halk about the need to increase equality.
You much why asking, how much to be hand,
what is is mean? But likely answer,
a likely dispense with be,
oh well,
as little in
equality a sweden
How of the inequality is on the rison suite.
So you must can sir, whether what talking about the
exceptable level even equality and sweeden in 1995 or in
2016. Incoming equality is both at once up powerpaple and a morphis condition.
That some people have more money the nothers, is tangible reality.
Just by virtue or my age alone,
I've probably have a commulated more than those deview in this
our liens
Most people have now idea about the actual distribution of income and their position in the population.
And very interesting. And mer Annowsis,
ob several service of ordnably citizens,
in up the 40 countries, with these wides,
spread, miss perceptions about the Gree, of an equality,
how it's changing and where these people fit in their countries andcome distribution.
This is it one example
of founder study
In these country surveyed on average 7% other spendance own the second home
and that's a pretty good practice, but somebody it's welfare.
Somebody has a second home 7% own the second home. Yeah,
on average the monster group, 50-7%,
so what they be long in the barem have,
out the income distribution.
A monk lower income despendance, which signing public assistance,
a majority place themselves, a both of the
barem 20%.
A the income distribution
So this findings ways of your starts about the extent to
which the medienvote knows how much,
he assume it news or gain in the dostribution.
As it get see of they are actually, Germany
was pretty go to folks, have a better sense,
where you work in the end given distribution,
they mean, these on the places.
There were very smooth, very small propersion of the Germany's
fundance, where we flow love on that.
In contrasts to the normative moralipeals and the vay
callibrations of fanes and pluggle discourse
The quantitative metrics of social science,
land a certain percision to astermits of into many quality.
How ever these empiracle astermits, of any quality,
oh what they signified, rest on lose soyal,
that office furtle diggings for economists and philosophens.
To grass the accentual meaning of economic inequality,
requires examining, how income is measured, demographic changes,
die aggraphic conservations and the shifting for life life experiences
Fortunes of a life course. In communicality in the United States,
is generally perceived to have increased over the last 30 years.
How ever the degree in implications of this trend remain much
in the spoot? The disagreement reflex in part different siism
that way economist measure, equality, or any quality.
And these differences are really aird, outside of technical publications.
So a national eneconomist to reads a technological publications, you're probably
not million with menu of the issues,
that they discussed amongst im sells
Even when the different measures our rereported,
what they signify is difficult to the surn.
Beyone whether the numbers of Galine up or down that is
what the existent for meaning of these things are is difficult to the surn.
The most common measure of any quality, the measures include
that the Genical Efficient and the composion and of income Quintiles.
They very in transparentsy and convenience, the Genion Decks provides,
a very experience summary from Zero to one.
Zero, the notes perfect equality,
everyone has the same
And one represents of distribution, in which all of societies,
income, is besessen by one member.
So, money it bance in those lice countries,
genical office instant the range, between two point 5 and 5 point though,
this one tell you were, Germany is US is here,
Germany is pretty good shake pelot, the OWCDs ever.
So, you're genical office and those looks pretty good.
By some arrising, the concentration in this posion of income
in one number, genical efficients are very used with a
compower of purposes
Ähm, die clearly Show, die der egegnemische Equality ist,
ist euer Gumming-Down, overtime. Und sie können die Us
zu comparen, die die ökonomische Equality am Mong-Countries haben.
Who has high and lower ginical efficients? Wie haben die Amerikaner Persitionen,
ob das Index, Theoles, die existential reholably eine equalery?
But tickually in the country as large as United States.
And that is the numbers can vae and empirical enpression that
those within income, say, now you're income
out 100.000 Euro. Yeah, kind of forward,
a hire and better material stand of living,
then others within income of 70.000 Euro year.
Ja. Otherwise, if this were not the case, then
why will be concern about incommunicality. This is the underlying
assumption. But in fact, it's often that the case.
Out they say, one pictures words the thousand words,
out give you two pictures, interesting pictures.
So this is a nice little house. Five battrewms,
for one a half bethrooms with Also geschlafen gehend eins,
der K-Soring-Sealings, complete with a pool and spare.
Und Luxeki Luke Castle, yes, what you like that
? It's a nice, that's a nice house.
It's going to be well that that house, ja?
Now, schau in this house. The free bad rooms,
too a half bad rooms, who are a
private quarte your out, completely in the number of the internets way.
Okay. Both house homes, cost a minute in downs.
Oh craight. This house is in San House and
the other house is in was in taxes
The ewas be role that connows is that that it mented striking in lower differences,
in the quost of living through out you know it states.
That's example, when viginal prices are facted in a 100.000 Dollar income
in New York state, is worth last than 85.000 Dollars,
in actual living course, and montana.
No, on the stand, way, some people might
argue that's worth the difference to living in New York.
I don't know, of you folks of Familie,
with mintern or in New York,
some people like you,
having come for New York City myself
Many, my friends, I wants believe like many in New York
is all civilization ends on the eastbanker, the hotson miver.
That's it. Yeah, people have different preferences for cultural
eminities and natural beauty. And different evils of tolerance,
for traffic, noise smart and cramp departments.
Montantants, typically, before to the ass state as the
last best best best place
And it's pretty them nice explains why and we said yes,
it's been a typen and this influx of well the people
moving to men tell our least,
line up that evange is a men tenda.
The question of living differences only more extreme in match a
pult in Areas. So San Francisco, by Area,
the question of living is 40% higher than in Rom Georgia.
And Rom Georgia is a charming little town nessol in the
forth holes of the appolity in mountains.
Since the question of living is justly higher in states and
match a pult in Areas, where are would house all incomes our bubble
US-Medien, the Genie coalificent, tends to exactuate The differences in
den Levels up itivial comfort and well being employed by economic in equality.
There is, they ted sends to exactly,
the existential reality of what it means. To have a
100.000 Euro, also edifyed 100.000 Euro. More rover this,
might the suitability of what the Genical Efficient for comparing levels,
of income equality, over time and a money countries.
The findings express in these comparisons, can this stuart
or least the skuer that implications for economic well being,
for example, the 3.78. Geniekoefficient für die United States.
Das ist ein much high-degree. Ich bin in Equality,
die 2.55,7 Genie, das Computer für das Slow-Wak-Republik ist.
Aber ich habe eine Economic-Welle beendet, als ich high-degreed war,
dass die Slow-Wak-Republik der Medien, der Spossible, Household,
Income am Mounts 22.99 Prozent der United States, die meiste,
dass die Middleclass und das Country die intime Middleclass sind,
und das Country wird beendet in den United States
Finally the Genical Officient, Lenz, Nemerica Position,
the the Sumpsion, that increasing economic equality is a social improvement.
So you think that it's things to get inbed it,
the Genical Officient goes down,
that is it gets calls to the Zero.
It's the ask a social improvements. Yet,
doing a resession, economic equality as measured by the Genic Index.
By well, increase, that you may have more inequality,
in a country what everyone's getting poor
Earnings for over people and buffy upper and now a brackets,
but the kleinen Steeper for those in the high rand,
they have more loosen first place.
But the same, Tolkien, a country could experience,
rising in equality, according to the genial confession.
Things look like the getting worst except, everyone's becoming much.
The richer galling, richer,
the poorer also galling much, just not as much.
And rising in equality, can also can every signal that
the rich are getting more and the
poor are getting less
All the which getting which you and the poor getting poorer.
A 2002 surveye by the poor V-B-Search center. And pear was pretty
web your bow, research survey organisation in the United States.
I don't get it all right, but but they're pretty reputable.
And I felmed that 76% of the US-Prepublic.
Express the preveling as sumption that the rich are grewing virtual
and the proud are getting poorer. And this is about
the same as the 74% that help this view in
The abstract the greee of any quality. Summer lies by the Genie Index,
I went this not can way any information,
about where the which are getting liture, well,
the foreign pure, as I just explain to you.
In countries to the Genie Officient,
the innows is of end come Quintiles,
in tells and exact, examination of how much a money,
is the stability, among the different groups.
We really in the extent to which there in comes alrizing or
falling over time. Call you lading the financial visors is,
of 5 groups that range,
from the top to the bottom 20% of the end come distribution,
this approach,
aluminates,
the economic will being a families
So, Thomas, Picketty in Amenual Saars, 30 Pickettes namens,
are sure be well known to most of view.
They did a high white these side its study of incaming equality in
the United States, based on the market income our tagsfilers.
And according to this study von 1917,
9927, there was a 30,
30% declined in the mean income of those in the baden Quintile,
in countrash to a 30,
3% increase for those people in the richist
20%
Those left intirely to its own devices,
the market our location of income, generate a pattern of increasing inequality,
where in the rich, got notice to be virtue,
and the pour, got tourer.
This is a bleak testamony, to the distributional problem of capitalism,
if you leave capitalism, on it song,
this is what you get.
For example, it capitalism is not left on it song.
So with the pans, on what we mean, by income.
The market income Aber Taxi Unit is a poor indicator,
of how much money families actually helps live one.
I for one with love to live on my market income.
I would be arguably 40% whichere of a each year than I'm now.
The market income is the income un the go shiate for
you sailory with whatever you have, you have.
Am more inclusive measure, I've income is that would for
the mains and how souls. I have the subtractly,
what they must pay in Taxis,
and erding the money, they was saved to got mind
News Transmiths are very different image of the American Experience.
Applying these quite to you that it's taxes in Transfers.
Instead of a decline, we see a 30 to percent increase in
the mean income of the posts, if between 19,
7927, there goes up 30-30%.
Overall, this broader measure still reviews,
a rising in equality doing at period,
as a mean income of those in a top bracket,
clime by 50-4%
But a long with taxes and transfers,
the most of thought titive and extensive measure of income,
also in camper and corporates capital gains.
According to the non-policine congressional budget off. Is in
the CBO is largery seeing as a nutral and a very
afare tate of source of data on United States income.
You have to have somebody is giving the right numbers,
of governments going to get things close to correct.
They have much really comparents of definition,
which involved the some of market income adjusted for,
taxes, how so also also also as cashing income transfers
and capital gains
The some this agreement about capital gains,
or least the best way the value capital gains.
And the basic chases where they're focused on the Total gains at our realized,
so why how to start, for I 100.000 ours,
and this years and feeds, by 15%,
and I cash in that 15-10%,
I realized at capital gains, it's taxable.
Our where there you should look at, that only tax
gains or a realized with those are are acroots.
And I is even of I didn't cash you then,
it should still be taxable,
the fact our incussion that mean,
I didn't make 15,
1000 ours
The choiced to include the realized or could capital gains and calculation of vanual income,
has a consible impact on the way of an equality.
The congressional budget office favors, the used of realized capital gains,
that reported on tax the turns, several reasons,
perfavorite, one is they have that number.
Realized capital gains are very clear, because you have to report it.
So you could actually maksure, very very percisely. Acquote capital gains,
require, just from men this kinds of as tumptions,
in making a men marvels and astermits,
that that this a lot of this agreement,
a monster commast
Ihr habt den Falcon in dem Impact, die Taxis,
und wir liebten Capital Gains, gilt mit Trans of the CBO-Daten,
mit eurer Shop, der client, in equality,
compared to when it's measure solvey by market income.
According to the F-Videos, but we 1979 2009,
2010, the disposable how sold income in the bottom Quintile,
increased by 409%, the end come in the middle of the week,
and quite house, increased by 40%,
and the high is
quintile in peace by 79%. So, income sequest,
the course, the board, these figures in the cate still,
a largest gains, or experience by those,
on two wents of then condistribution
Dies war in Dienst Tamper,
die progressive Argumente der Fokussine und inquisitionen inequality of market income,
dementstrakte die Need for greate Social Wealth Aspending.
Du kannst erst für Social Wealth Aspending eine jungen Workshop-Marketing kaufen,
die du schaust, dass income after social Wealth Aspending that we are really make.
The messions side about all indicated a rising level inequeality
that veries only in the rate and which is things to
imcreased overless the decades
In countries this a different picture emerge of they enclude,
people who have done as the match using the not the realize,
but a quote capital gains.
I don't have a data on the astermits with the quote capital gains up there.
Many, because these are highly contested. If you look
at the at the kinds of a summtions that are required to trying fick about,
but the quote capital gains, so there questionable. But,
the majors that have done that people of trying model it,
they show that in fact,
if you except there figures, between 1980,
1921 7, there was actually the client in equaly,
mainly because if you use the club capital gains,
the welf the last a great deal of income with the start of the recession,
early in 2007, husing prices when down.
And so there capital gains, dick their cool capital gains
declined considerably. Every partnert measure of income Quintil,
also suspecially this while the ignoledge components of assessment by the conversional budget office,
the spells in notion,
that within United States of the last the decade,
the which is going to mitcher and the poor of gotten poorer.
The CBO measure,
reveals at them the highst lose Quintiles,
the mean house old income at every group,
was live that a mitch
rising tied of any quality
Kurt me yes for more, oh yes. Of course,
in an ideal world, everyone with in better off,
if the top 1% had take an homewest,
an 13% of all the income,
and the bottom 20% had game more.
If economy continued, roll me at the same right. Not the promote,
the best, as an any of the good,
there was never to less the condencing case to be night,
for social reforms, that with the some the agree,
shift, the distribution of income away from the time.
Progressives and conservatives in United States,
agree on the need to rain in government trans,
where seemed by well
the citizens
Particularly the special benefits the ribe, from favorite tax streetment,
erforderte Hormonels. This benefits are known is tax expendenties,
they are now home moneys to deduct,
the interest paid on morgages and to get up to have
the million dollars of capital gains,
tax 3 when is all the homes.
The emance involved there are not trivial.
They congressional budget office as the meets as the meets,
that tax expendenties for morgas morgage interest deductions,
amount to 70 billion dollars.
A yeah, almost 73 percentive which goes that how
souls in the tape 20% of the
endgame distribution
Well, those in the bound 20%, we see the no benefit a doal.
They don't pete taxes that we see any tax a right-offs. Or that be some downs,
so I did for the home building industry,
the midding tax ups of the use to well,
the home on is, could love it the level of any quality,
with out so vias, outverse consequences, for the way,
the homonicships, love it west miss, yes,
people what have the same homes,
they just make a little small that would be quite as a large.
But even it these adjustments where made much income inequality
with stillvery main, which takes aspect to the question,
could meet ask for more
Oh, I visit there many ways to a probably editional money,
from those any other brack, it's and the liver more to those in about it.
We can view it isn't contact,
we can live the siling on paxible, taxible,
income to social security, we can increase they on digga tax credits, we got
liminate mariage panel teas, we got boost the minimal way,
this lats of lats of things, equidian. Progressors,
on conservatives, argue, about where the diese kinds of measures,
with kill jobs, a goal the economy,
when like they discopt, the scoverage work,
was stimulate activity, they is where the raising income tax level,
who does work,
ok you about know one willy knows the answer where
there will genermay class compliop on hand social soul that ok
with the ovent social just this or the night at just
the search of individual merit.
There's a best literature on these shows and had just generated
mix findings about the implications of various mensures.
What all the knows is a change insight in 79 illustrate extent,
which has old incomes client, where the get between the bottom and the tapfers widen.
It's a when the mentional picture, that discounts,
what's happening with in
these economic bands
This image contains, I started. Impression,
that the same house alls with the needs Quintile,
work experiencing, these changes over the life course.
So when I say, from 790 to all 7,
the bottom 2020 % in Christby, 49%,
something, if how yeah, oh, sport people,
this tover those years, that there were incomment,
keys by 490%.
But that was also was happening over those years.
Okay. A lot more was going to on with in these five divisions.
The particular is a which land I'm dead to the one demential
story of then creasing in Gominik Quality. That is the gress,
the full implications of rising in equality in household ingom.
It's important to were cognize that doing the spirit, the period in question,
young workings, we're continually anthony a label for us,
as the all the generation with highland dight.
A 25 year, all to be going working,
an 1979, while living on horround,
with an income in the bottom, 20% of the distribution,
with very likely, which a high a bracket,
but the time shows 50-3 isold,
Not all we did entry level income rise,
betweens of the 9 and 200000, 2007,
that is entry level in the bound 100% voice with 40%.
But over that cross of time, many of the people
start out the bottom, climate up the level to the tap.
And just the period from 1990 60, 2005.
And just one ten your period, burke sample,
the US-Trash you department as the nates,
that were have have the tax period,
starting in the bottom 20% moved into a
higher income bracket
Of course, we don't know,
how many of this members at this upply mobile group,
where young, up a class, youth spending,
the first years out of prince than shipping quirks,
in if our dispectory,
or vountying as teachers for the teachers for America,
or lovely more fun
on left bank, take in the a years break.
This is a reminder, that numbers can on post as as surface,
on patterns, that child this funding and the line reality.
It is more to the story,
as time his pairs, the 2015 roled,
was Mary ton had to chodern
What start out 1979, as a single person household in
about them 5, of the income distribution,
had moved into a middle income household, with 4 people, but
2007. This change illustrates in Important Charakteristics, of the income Quintiles.
And that is all though, they represent 5 groups,
with the equal number of households,
the airbage number of persons per household, with in these groups,
varies, as to the characteristics.
So to this family structure and employment. So,
the top fif of the health households and the income distribution,
that top
20%
80, 2%, more people, then the Barnfish.
It's not, it's so a count of into it,
because inkly you realize, but these measures of household,
that these are the 20% of household,
because income is measured, my household not by individuals.
Okay. The possion of marved couples, each good branches,
them 70% in the lowerst income quentile,
to 78% in the highest.
Single man in women, living a loom,
account for 40,
6% of the household in the Barnfiff and only
70% in the top group
And most tellingly, no one was imployed, in well,
then 60% of the house souls, in the barem Quintire.
Well, 70% of the house souls in
the top Quintire, had two one more owners.
Take in account of household characteristics within each Quintire,
reviews, that are some extent inquising level of income in
equalities and some the 9 consults with changing demographics.
Particularly, the inquising number of single pared families.
Consume trading on a vances within just
the top
Ein different perspective now that's shift. And just that help
20%. The sharp on number on the standing of,
what is behind the rising level or deconom in equality and
vision years? They are two prominent findings from the combassional
body of Office, this measure of income.
And may talent interesting story. From 1979, 2001,
the air of the tags income of the tap 1%,
that not the tap point in the tap 1% increased
by 2001
We member if you remember the slide before the top one,
the top 20% increased by 71%, I believe it was.
And this is compared to 49% for the house all seen that Berlin Quint help.
The 65% increase for those are current with those in
the 80s first, the 99% tile.
So that well overall the with 79% increase,
for those in the 80s first, 99,
9% tile,
we had a 65% increase,
and withose in the top
9% the increase with 200 und 1%
Lass ein Disposion der Green auf den Inquisitionslevel über die Equality,
was doof zu finanzieren ist, made by a very small group,
those at the Apex of the Encomperium mit.
As for the rest, careful now, this magine,
day to from the sensor spiral and into not internal,
we've new service, so was that,
it we 911 the 1990 3,
there was
no powerpaple increase of inequality or mong then mong 909 Prozent
of the population in
the high states
In fact, since the pretacts income of the top 1%.
So if I our fan yours my stones. So what you think the
pretacts income of the top 1% in the United States is?
I like it all these world kinds of advances.
Because done of them it there and they day don't know.
The top 1% starts at 300 or 19,
2011 in started, 300 in 88, 1000 Dollars.
That's a lot of money. But that's an that the
super rich by any stratch and the managementation.
The top one percent is that, I mean, agubly
two senior professors, at the University California, that had some
accelering would be in the top, 1%.
It's about the top, one 10,
11% where pretacts income starts at one point 7 Millionen Dollars,
that we begin the course a line,
between the role to we were love and that truely outfluence.
Also, what that with that means is that,
it's not really incorming equality, state the same for the 9,9%.
It's course at the 9,9% 9%.
It didn't change. It was a top,
almost 10,
1,1%
As soul as the conversation on in equality begins,
the concentrate on the wealth years now souls,
the question inquisially comes the mind. What there these people do
to the serve, such a minds rewards?
The New York times that study that show the CEOs of
a 100 major firms haven't average player of our most 14 million ours a year.
One journalists this quite this group, as a nu class
of our virus the crowd. Well, not a turbly
harsh the scription it that connotes are pribute class more renown,
for its leasure, them for productive labor.
But it doesn't just just how easily personalizing and numbers can
Transform at dispasioned report on the top 10% into bitter
accounts of corruption, the butcher we and so forth.
And two's been known in the United States,
the likes of people such is Bernie mouth of Taiko's Dennis Gosalfski,
can lie of anywhere visor,
these are CEOs and night states who are now and JL
for the mass of cruption for stilling multiple millions and coising great having in the economy.
There's no supply, the supply of information is not sured, not there's
no sured of supply. The just of fly at the
niale element, the say these which people what work carrupt.
But there are also the same time, these brillant hardworking,
multine millionärs, we quited apple, Google, Microsoft,
not the mention in your favorite, mobile stars and affiliates.
Do even here some my question,
why in the world, the grown men,
should receive a ment somes of money to stand around,
of you have the nunzer week, wating for chance,
the hid a ball with the big stick.
Major League players in United States,
300 at 3 points 4 Million Dollars Year Salary.
And United States. In contrast for the same activity minaly
players on two 2057.000 Dollars for 5 months season.
Now talk it out in equality. In capital system,
the quite tiving through what is ultimately associated with what the market
will be. And of course, many people doubt just
how well the stand the works in practice. They wonderful example,
how difficult it might be to a place,
a CEO earning 20 Million Dollars and year,
with then equally qualifized CEO,
who on the just 10 Million Dollars and year
Was auch ein Marketing-Mann ist, ist notgreen auf der Social-Value,
die culturell engagiert wird. Ein rightes Wort ist,
dass die number-Reader, die wir in den Plan down haben,
den Preis des Books haben.
Die Godless von wie crass und meaning with the content.
All last 50 share yets of great has are in the millions,
where my publisher, would be fortunate and the warging they for turnature eview of now.
Doll, be fortunate the clear the models advance of what
it for never enough. Where all the market,
what the market will be are a certainly
and imperfect hellebration
But if you think about how us,
we would price things, it is from any people preferable,
they having the standard of pricing, set by burecratic quotes or political bargins.
And number visions, it been ways about the evergent approaches to the measurement of equality,
the dispared carctovistics of those, and different income brackets.
The absurdence of course, living the justments,
the serving 100% and sovereign revelations of international composions.
And the whole, this is you serve,
that's so much to the smisk in serms about rising economic in equality,
as the come public epply
hension about the rate, the gree,
and the emplocations of this strend
Dass die Sparries, die die change Industribution von Incom-Dinights stattfinden,
look a lot worst before taxes and benefits are taking into account.
As search it can be said, that the capitalist market-Generates
and the world of the state middlegates in equality.
We counted in its most favorable light,
a story of this interaction of the last be decades,
reviews that why well inequality inclused,
so did the household incomes at every level.
Magic by disposable, household income,
the US-Standal of Living is a mongeheist of all industrialized vance
industrialized the macrocies,
not the mention the west the world
If we talking about the west the world,
we might treff is all discussions about inequality, in terms of a large picture.
And that is we might we might disast of a lot,
inequality has been increasing a mong the advance in those or ours nations,
who's not just in its dates, it's a much a beere.
Of a last to decades global enequality has one.
Okay, so. If as I have argue the problem
of rising in communic quality are meet increasing a bundance,
is not all that clear cut.
And the problems event communic quality is not that surious, is what I
try tech and way. Not that it doesn't exist,
but the existencial reality, may not be is difficult as some people magine.
Why have progressibly this the cleared and given the quality in
the United States to be?
The defining challenge a mountain times, one which thattens,
the very assets of who years of people.
So inclusive I would like to as the question.
Doch home, this in equality really matter.
That is who's making this big fust about economic in equality.
One answer refers to the old addage,
capitalism is
driven by greed
And socialism is fueld by endly. Irving crystal, a well,
known, sometimes part of this far of the New York
Inservative moment in IS States,
he view the clash struggle for states empower in the US,
that was conducted on the the banner of the quality.
Mainly as a babattle between in productivals and the business community,
a battle start by endly. Speaking of a group at home,
he was intermitally a quinited, crystal lights,
professors are generally and degment at the expensive counts,
which business exacted this help,
I was they do not
They were in country as oddly can vinced that their privileges
are right. At the provide us our rights that are
indespensible to the paperworking of a good society.
And speaking of act to make privileges,
he's a looting to the well capt secret that university teaching,
is in tirely the worst from the normal discipline of everyday life.
What is one of the reasons,
why all you folks are here, going to your PHDs?
At then lead US-University, the professor of you expense
no more than 5, 4, 5 our also week
in the class week. And that's but 20, 8
weeks for the year. I want to go right.
With the nother two out was per week throne in for
advising students, overlattay at the local quothy house.
And a bird week two with we house of committee meetings.
The western at time is the videot between holding forth,
at learn it gatherings, in fastable locations,
round the cloud, even mubble city, searches Hamburg,
you may not really lies it now,
but I'm working at the story moment.
And I've been working, it mean hard to we go
to did not, if the scattery.
And they spend to I'm contacting research for a publications,
and joggen lading journals,
which maybe side it by a handle of academics and
their field
All toe, it's pleasant work of you can get it.
So you want the wide track. In many cases,
the public is are well earns, by brillant advances,
primarily and science, Technology, Engineering, Mastermass,
it the Soccerords them disciplines.
Which contribute to human progress and then the standing of the markt world.
In this trickies on why intellectual as a postpos capitalism,
the harbit philosopher, robbit nosic the stingless,
between academics in these more exacting feels, because the number smiths,
to the not
this proposality apposed capitalism
And the word smiths in the sort of the liberal out
disciplines and the applied sciences, who tend to recent the capital system.
As the the underlying to source of these ends mit dem Mong in the lecturals,
living by the ritten word and the spoken word.
And number think is from thorten stink weblin,
to little with one necess, have a rive, that to same conclusion.
And that is have which members of the nittle class work for us.
Tented judge definancial war being, against salient reference groups,
that have a reliably narrow range of income differences
So like get up in the morning, they look out
the window. And they say, them,
my you name a burger just house are on no core.
Look at that, you know, she's going to know cheavy.
Ore was someone at work. They can parisons are with the now.
But they don't get up in morning in say.
Bill Gates is on his private jet of line this are
much for week in the skin.
Damar. That's not what this say. Okay. In
conference, many members of this intellectual class
Kanar helpen, but compared themselves to well the capitalist with humanity off in web Soldiers.
These indelectuals 10 de Mingo with successful capitalists,
considering them as a revenge group, who's west welf,
creates resentment. Most members in the intellectual class,
don't not enjoyed the economic states of corrorporate lower your CEOs,
hedge from managers and other capitans of capitalism.
How every emany cases, the intellectuals connections to perstudious Universities
and the media And the public suspect for profa years of now lange,
the salt, in an elevated level of social states,
that vibles, the economic states of the open class.
And enabled them the travel in the same circles.
The disicolibriam, but we in economic and social states,
may inside präsentments of the capitals market. For its failure,
to produce a more agreeable distribution of material visources,
that would the intellectual skills and countributions to society
Der Professor wird for example our privilege lead reward it
more highly in the currency of social status.
We laxings about a goals. Tempel our tonomy, pleasence
around ins and a generation of a spiring growth with.
But then hard cash. And I will says very enjoyed,
having experience that for somey detects. I'm very too to
trade it in. If anyone one to off me the
hard cash. Now once come forward. Okay,
still that sellories are a wellable of the opagine coming.
Offen in the top
10%
Yeah, it can be this concerting, when they find contemporaries,
who did not score as well in school,
where exploitens, whole your fewers early a said,
it tentibly at their feed and now earning enough,
to a forth somehouses in itally.
They wonder. Why there some cores lowyer have another money dabei,
a villain belagio, when a cultury we your find score a
such a myself, now
so much more, about a tile in then a songs of it.
And I can't a for it. Those are webst liner,
well longs guardian its, that's rights.
What kind of society permitics this thing the exist
As seriously unjust one, that's what kind. So the
integnation express here a stems from I'm next your own the
virtual NB and a larger just sense of social enjustice.
From this perspective, and communic quality in our states is
perceive less, as a source of social fraction,
but we in the hards and a have nots.
Then I'm immbalance,
but we knows who have a lard and others
all help much more