Yes, thank you here are much and welcome again.
This lectures are delicated to effectivists and for lots of for now.
I would this costs too much philosophy particularly today. But rather,
I would discuss something it I consert to be abserkely beautiful physics.
And the physics is not so well known,
it's if often very difficult, do explain and non-technical terms.
What did is? But the last couple of decades,
it's absolutely myflows know result has we not dained in our understanding
or the subotoric particles and I love to talk a barket and that's why I chose, this particular subject.
So we have and explained, if you know,
then I will refer to the first lecture again,
because this is something of a continuation,
then the first lecture, I'm briefly mentioned,
some features of the standard model.
And I will just a continue with that.
So we have one of the
basic forces is electromanitism
And one because a feature about to elektromagnetic force is,
that if you consider the mignetic field,
as generated by a mignet, with a north of a southball.
All you looked at the electric field,
as generated by to electric tages, are plus in the miners,
then you find that you field lines,
they accentually exactly the same shape.
So the field equations seen to be very universal,
both electric, are mignetic fields, go the same way.
And this was all dotly clarified ready in the middle of
the 19 century
And when the maxial found, how the equations work,
how electric feels, effect, may needed once and first first and
he could also not guess that actually the dude this force,
you can have solutions that propagate like waves.
And so you have electric feels in wonder areaction,
and that the fields in the other direction.
And when you started this, we have better like this,
the way for automatically propagate it on the effects,
every you can calculate ephilosity, but which this wave,
popagate, you get exactly the flosity of light.
Light was a ready understood in his days,
it flosity of light was measured, I can liber,
the fairy equality. And so the calculation secret, beautifully,
and this was a first indication of something know, people
was study electricity a mechantism. And then a found equations,
they got for free, the fact that light.
And of nomen at a social to light, are also electrophynetic phänomenal.
So that so this was, of course, emoifluss, result, of the reasoning of the 19 Century. Now,
from that you also have to gravitational force and I mentioned that yesterday,
a gravity can be regard it ass,
it comes a guns of the gravity of space and time,
think of a havy planet and think of the bass that particles,
follow when there are in the curse,
space time of a havy planet,
then you can take here epartical is shown to move in this trade line,
if you have a flatspace times, if flatspace time,
you draw eggreed on it and a particular follow it perfectly straight line of flatspace time,
but Far Away from the Planet.
Spacetime is flat and particulars will move on straight lines,
but close to a planet, just because Space in time are curved,
it to look as if a particular follows, a curve line.
Now, the fact, this curve line,
was für looked the pon as, a curve line in space and time.
So not only space, also a time, is curved,
and that's how a particular moving in space time,
will follow a curve trajectory.
And that actually is the gravitational force acting on a particular.
So I'm still realized at gravity, was just a juo
metric phenomenon
And as it turns out,
if you look more closely at the mathematical equations,
that maxiful all down for the electric temperature force,
there have many features and common,
there both beautiful sets of equations,
and also they both have some very nice mathematical simility features,
at their basis.
So this was a very satisfactory situation for a particle of physics,
but or four physics and general,
but in particle of physics,
it was known get that to other kinds of forces,
the song force and the
week force
Wow, we could care to eyes, these forces in words,
the strong force would only add on part of all,
the particles on the hey drons. And the force,
our base, very special, symmetry laws,
so the force act insutant diarections, you say,
in the ontry particles, in very sematric diarection, visuals,
very prices, because they act you shape that particles,
so the force generator, certain symmetry, in the particles,
and the force alls acts in those symmetry directions.
The week force, then goes,
is emplay much week of for,
it was we
goes in different directions
It's a complisher thing that the song for is can not a complish.
And the week for action all particles non,
that will that was what it was like a couple of decades you go now,
it does one particle of which you week for us only in that's indractly.
And that's notrinow, if it drawn, that's in a range the reaction,
then the week for us even that doesn't work.
That's a detail all mentioned at later. And the week
for us takes over,
if strong and electrophenetic for us is cannot do a sitting
job,
like gothing transitions monked particles
And general when apartical decase, because the week force is responsible for the DK,
not a deca happens very slowly. A particular dick,
years of many billions of years or hours, as the case,
we be to perform a week dK. Where as particulars are dK-fire,
the strong force, come do this in a very,
very, daniel fraction of a second,
much much fastly.
So, this was understood. And now the other menschen this in the first say,
but it is now going to be a very central seam of my talk,
the young mills fields.
So, young and mills realize,
that you go generalize
Concept of electromagnetism, again using a beautiful
symmetry structure in mythematical such a indy equations.
So these young nose equations looked as basic and for the
mental as electromagnetism and the effect young and nose also
also inspired by 1,20 graphity theory, because there are sem aspects,
that you can find back and all of this.
And when young and mills considered,
are a effeel and a particular going in that field,
the particular transmuted in to other particular.
So a nutron, good does mute into a poetron,
or an electron and to industrial,
and so forth.
So explain that last time
The fact that if a charge this appears into the young mills field,
because the transition like a proton make going overn to a nutron,
which is a charge particular national transition to a nutropartical,
it means that the young mills quanta,
the energy quanta of, that field appany,
big up that charge.
And so these quanta, at the some of them a
elektrikaly charge. And now comes the nup at,
which I want to expressive more clearly,
as you maybe seen in our particular models,
particulars come in families and species and so on.
And very offen, we arrange particulars in model to blood structures.
These are multiplats, it means to that some particles have a very,
very closer little too other, such as the pulton and the notone.
You know, the topic nuclears has built of pultons and new trans,
and at first side, they are very different,
because one of them is electricity judge, and the other is nutral.
But then you realize that there are masses, I practically the same,
there's a vace light master fronts for a strange reason,
the nutral is slightly have you are,
then the pulton, there only very, very slightly.
And then you fight the all this strong interactions are
monglise particles, I basically the same.
So polcults and new trans and many respects behave
at the same kinds of particles
Quite different to other particles with then,
you have a similar sitivation with the bions,
there's a judge for IT of the bions,
by plus and by miners, and a nutral one.
And these three seems to have play a very similar all in physics.
And then there interactions of very, nearly the same,
there are masses, a very close together,
there all three of them party bit light to that this,
the org have spinnen zero
was this particle spinnen on half. And live thing about
the young mill series that it requires, the conter,
the energy packages or this young mills fields,
also to be arrange in a multiplat.
And in the simple example, dass Jahren Müllers First All down ist.
Du hast nicht alle Single, Folker und Like-Objekte.
Aber auch ein Plus an einem negativen Charge-Partikel. So,
die Young Müllers Field in Kontrast für die Elektronation,
die Young Müllers Fields, ist ein Kreis,
aber die Fee kinds of for thons,
one is very much like you all the not refore tons,
but then that too chash for thons, and that's what is the you differs from just electronmentalism.
And it also made usly equality bit more complicated.
So, that were some Mysteries in the early days that
could not be earsult
very easily
Do understand how things go in the stand of model,
I want to introduce the notion of spin.
And Spin is something that that you can compare this markers copy of object,
accept that particulars can all you spin in a very special
way. I to the left or to the right.
And the case of notrino referencences, well,
for a long time it was saw that notrinos
can only rogued day to the left,
they cannot rogued to
the right
Das ist so ein schweres Training, because if you already
to back to the left years tour in the round,
that was all to the rights.
How gom? Well, the answers, you have to
cause it as a wortation with respect to the direction,
which is going. In your all days,
it was thought in the trainers, I strittly masless,
and therefore should go with the speed of light.
And because of that, it all was go in
the should indirection, it constant still.
So, you have to go that a spin, as
seen projected in that particular direction. So,
the Direction indirection trainer is moving, is all the access,
around bridge this rock dating
And it's a perculious statement, it turns out to agrive it,
it's see of predictivity, that if you go,
bass and new come is a shirt and vlocity,
you see again that it spins, a long and access,
because again, interaction of its motion.
And if you want to the train to rock later to other,
we are own, you have to look at the amt tiny trainer.
So this is something quite not triff of you and quite strange,
it that been discovered just well, baverica,
for study, of all the weak and drection positives,
are something very out the something people didn't understand and your
edays of the week force,
how come that that well
Now it is things behave and how
do we have down equations for the week for us.
And it's only result, wenn was realized,
that there was elefterate a symmetry in the week for us.
And the particular titty lean and Jenny Young,
Lee and Young, had for the first and posts this.
And there's perposed experiments for the week force,
where you can actually check,
that the week for us does not preseure of left and left and right.
And less you compare until matter was matter. So matter
rotet you to the left is like untime matter on tatting to the right.
So this coffee was it, if you it plays a matter,
by undermatter, then you also early placing lefts bereit.
And that's the way how the week for us goes,
week for us a stoltly asymmetric on the left and right
Now, this is very important to understand the standard model. And the reason is,
well, I should say that are the way,
that this distinction to be left and right talk dating,
in particular applie, such patriots,
which do not carry any intrinsic mass.
These are mass less particulars. Because then,
even all as say the move it a speed of light,
definitely is an access about visity, can rogate.
And you can identify, the sensorphotation and say that,
if they rocket to the left,
they provence to different from all tech and to the right.
And all opservers were say that not
trainals rockdate and this particular way
And how every you can also imagine, if I
think a massive particular, I would slow it down.
And I could but it adress. And the particular is adress,
there is no longer. It be fire the rection of motion,
there's no access. And they can a longer down,
where it's all to be leftrodating or itrodating. Well,
as a case, we be assolution at mass,
then you need the other our dating particular. So effect,
we could make it into no massive, very simply,
by having a transition, that does electrodating on trieno,
into a right, not authentic now.
If we have that, then we can slow the whole thing down, because any
can drog dates and bothways. And then you can also find out,
this is a pecular atty gain or the ground to see we,
that is got a routine an any other the region that you wish,
but clever quantum tricks you can then make it rock
date anyway you like. So so massive particles,
this can go slow than light,
also a must we are local to routtate in,
I that did the left or to the right, this suspected that access.
Now, this we, and then we introduce a simmetry breaking.
And this is again, it subject,
I've mentioned in my first electure that you can have
a stable configuration at the top of a maxican head,
but as soon as a object, but if you let's go,
then that's not the most sable configuration, most table configuration is,
in Rim of the Maxican head.
And then Yeah, these the crisis of Freedom,
yeah, for the critical roadtiting, around in a head,
and this that you freedom, which represents, the hicks particular.
That I explained more allows, very briefly,
in my first lecture. Now, effect,
you have to look at the this way,
that everywhere in space and time, this spontane simmity waking occurrent.
So you can think of first having in eigh about this
victoral actually sematic configuration, the errors up pointing in
all the elections
Now, you might think that two be is a metric
solution of the ecrations, but this not the most stable solution.
Imagine at every error, in the edge with a nablering error.
Then a most stable ecofiguration will be,
that is are also state to alleine each error.
And there are get more more aligned, because that's more stable.
And every are effect it's nabber. So then you find very so,
that all there was was will point in the same in the ection.
And this, we can spontanes simility breaking.
So the see of the eventy particulars, rerequired,
that such a field exists.
And if feel that that provides from internal,
coor all the train,
that distinguishes different guins of particles
And so this is calls from Tennis, semetry, breaking.
Now, the question now is, as a we explained
moment time before the hicks particular is a particular,
the generates mass for other particulars.
And now, I'm going to try to trade explained you why that is so.
It has everything to do with spin. And so,
the hicks field in turn also comes as as a doublet.
So we didn't only have the young mills fields and toublets,
the polk ons and nutrons,
the byrons field in
Platz, but now also the hicks field actually that are two hicks fields,
a five one and a five two, usui,
usue the crigulator five to the skype, the hicks field.
So you have it two component objects.
Actually to make things more complicated as to complex numbers,
you going to replace and by four, real numbers,
was strick is beaking, there for an not two vactors,
but our leave those dieters asside for a moment.
You see that are different prefer directions for this doublet of this hicks,
and now you can ask, where there are a particular
field is parallel or though are not to the hicks.
And so we say, if the hicks Generalis evakuum Value,
it means in the vacuum, the five one field is very strong,
but the five two field is silver, because it's authorter to it.
So this is a hicks, that spontanes it bigs out, one particular action.
And now we define the electron to be the component of the doublet,
which also goes in the same interection.
And that means it five one interact to the electrons,
fight to wood indirect with notrinos, but fight to is and there,
fight to is particular sero in Vacuum,
the two component is simply not excited.
So death for the hicks only interact for the electrons,
not with notrinos. They have for the electron can got
a mass, penotrinos, to not to mass,
elist not from
the hicks maganism
And now, here comes the rule, the way,
which left all that in particles can turn to right
how that it in particles, is not the rectly,
but have to interact with the hicks field.
So the electron, then it left all dating,
interacts with the 51 hicks field, to give a right route that in electron.
Linu Trino, gute interact you see fight,
do a point, also the give, right, well,
the same right electron, but fight two is not excited.
And now, when you take all this,
you get at the beautiful model,
which cares name by a glasher salam and weinberg,
but actually weinberg, really roll down,
the model and its most explicit details.
And now I give you a slatly more complete discription of
this why make model, some god wineback, Salam model.
This why model, when now,
this thing wish whether a party by rope day to the left,
or party by ropeats to the right.
And the sitivation now, follows, this is that these
out of federmental ingredient that the use to consact this model.
So you see, these party, is look fair much like like Bricks,
our tories that your playboost, you have a box fool
of tories and your arrangement in a certain particular way.
So we say that when the electron is left talk dating,
it is a partner of notrino.
So the left talk dating electron,
comes in
a young milds doublet
Die Reithotäte Elektron is a singlet, that is say,
it doesn't interect for the young wells feel that all.
And there is no, Reithotäte in the trainer.
Not at this stage of the model.
So there's no right other to imtrainer. The underparticals are
the other way around, for the end that particle,
there is a reitro tatting to doublet, and the leftro-tatting singlet.
This holds for the electron type Object and to the muone type Objects.
This was the original model, later who add a third incredient here,
but let's not dran a head or the story.
The Young Mills Feels come in It dribbled an and this singlets.
And actually people say, this is a unified see of all forces.
Strike this beaking not quite to the tribblet,
now replaces the max for feels. It's just basically generates
max for feels. And so it, the singlet,
you know, the max for few the tribblet,
generates the week feels, the week forces.
But they had to be a nukle component here.
And rieself or that is a the gummer itself,
doesn't distingly with we in left and right.
So the nukle part here, it'self, the singly to left and right,
deffer, it good not be the fold on.
So we had to are the not a fold on to
the model. And this is that the way,
why back as a larm constructed as the way
And then those is hickspartical, strikt is people hicks,
comes in the toublet, but as a also explained last time,
only the längs of the field.
So the längs of the factive five one fight to,
you remains is a physical verible,
they other components combined to give masses to these three WWO-Particults.
And so now you see that the hicks toublet, forces,
a left route dating elects on the going to a right route at the lictron,
it can't do anything with electrotisic nutrino.
So it's says that, the trio stays massless in youstory
and the antipatic is going to same way
So, this modern reflects, the similty better of the week force,
effect that the sting which is left from right, the very pecularly oway.
And it, it forces the particles to, ja,
to go this way. So, to repeat,
the young mills feels, course,
to transitions in electrons and not hinos, the hicks field,
causes that transitions in the electrons, left electrons right.
And this is again, eurole of the mathematics,
and now I'm we not going to guy down equitions for this lecture,
but this is a pecularity,
the young mills field
has spin one
Singles been one, the hicks field has spencer.
And I goes who all the matter matter equations,
you scovered at the spin one field,
when that interaction of the object,
it keeps, itself, it spin.
So the left prothetic electron will continue a left prothetic notrino,
when it goes to young mills field.
But the hicks, we are flip the spin over.
So a left prothetic, electron a goal to a right
route taking electron, even interaction of the hicks.
And you one is a similar particle,
but it's mass, it's much bigger than electron.
Well, that just means that the hicks field interacts more strongly,
it's a my one than vise electron
Dann kommt das, was der Young Millsystem,
wer all Interactions macht, die ecoinstrengt sind.
Die Hicks is a lot have a difference interaction of anything it and interacts with.
Because was no semitic on strain to the Hicks fields.
So the Hicks fields, me gave a small master electron,
the big master the mude.
And then much bigger master yet eat a e-third,
lapton, that will we discovered much later. So,
so you find that the mass the matical roles that we
have learned to to manipulate that and then making models,
the matter matter roles combined to give instructure,
that seem to this cribe,
the real world,
in a very interesting need to way
Now, when when when they growth is down,
he said, this is a more of a laptons.
And, yeah, his paper, ray,
published is a I have a model of the laptons.
So, anybody, this is we see this model,
would emily react, but wait a minute,
not only the laptons on the goal week interactions.
Also, the headrons. And it was already understudio my mextanded,
hey, the once pressionally, I may out of quarks.
So, the polculture the nutron, it,
quoses so free quarks, the bayern is a quarkt
anti-quark barmstadt. And so all und so forth.
Also, all the headrons are builds of quarks.
So, everybody would because ask why make wealpe,
what about the quarks?
Don't deep,
but this a better in
the week interactions
Aber ich habe gesagt, yes, but I don't do
understand them. So I leave about. And that was
a very wise decision, because there was something,
what the quo active why I make didn't know.
It couldn't have not because it had on that been discovered or even suggested.
But so in after, it will be realized,
that in deed, there was something missing,
in our understanding of the quoks.
And that is why I wined that could into makers the eA work.
And let me tight to explain raffly how it goes and what quoks are.
This is the example of a simple atomic nuclears,
corsistic of protons and no tones and issue of
this protons and no trans consistents of freequarks
So, der Triquaks and well, der looked different,
das Requaks tut three different colors, return to that, topic and a moment.
Und, but I'm talking now about late 1960s,
when this was about what we on the stude,
the wine, like mother all,
had been a wild guess, they had been many,
many otherwild guess as around and the fitness is in those days are unable to to to different shape,
but you all these wild guess is.
So, the wild guess is made I'm murray, Gallman,
that the potents and new trans organs is of crarks.
So, now, how to this was basically the picture,
that the vague sparticals that we have can be scene as as boundshades with we quacks.
And these are a couple of header ons that I mentioned,
go men had proposed freek heins of quacks,
there would be the up and a downquare,
you end the,
and there would be in asquare as and particulars which could day in the asquare for strange are and deep trains spartacles.
In particular experiments, or observations,
physis at notice a number of particulars,
as we have and very out way,
there are very
all very
short lift
And the all seem to have some sort of conserved quantity
and then that they soon lose dequant to the decase.
That quantity was not identified as the esquact.
The esquact is sufficially heavyure than the others.
Being have you at contains more energy it can do things
with it energy edecase immitting other things,
edecase to the week force into basically a and upquark.
So the asquare can dK and and because the regard that's where it sits.
So if to asquare is part of a lot of particle,
this just means that the lot of the particle will
dK. And
this was the picture
But the picture, that was existed in 1960s,
requated only three-kinds of quarks. And the week,
the quarks with on the go weekend elections, that is the upquark,
we make a week position to the downquark.
But the downquark, good not well, the strange quark
or don't make, such a down transition directly.
What good happenow ever, and this was a fame story,
that also mentioned in the first lature, the cabible.
Angle. So, a going to cabible,
there was a mixingting the laptopartical and the power dron,
but you got also say, that's a mixing,
between the esquark and the dequak.
So the and asquak are little bit missaligned,
such that everyone now then, you doesn't degain to a deep,
the you gigasing to one ass or an ass degains and to a you.
And this was the poses, but which all the strange quash,
all the strange particles, could decay into metacontaining only ordinary quarks.
This was the way it worked. And a long this root,
the ass can go to a dee and leakend go to use,
or the ass quacked also decay, but it ass a little bit
more time to do solve. Only, well,
the strengs or the force for the ass,
all the 50% of the centers of the
all the other particles
Now, but there was something rong. If you trade
to put this in the Weinberg Salam Theory, one,
well non experimental fact, would not agree this a serie.
And Weinberg now the experimental facts,
and you mean the realize that if you trade to put the quacks,
also in the model, it looks like,
you can do that you had to book you and a d together are as a. Doublet,
and you had to be trade to say that the ass.
Yes, is an outsiders, what genau is it in
the single that. So the you and a d,
who and the go young mills forces and a music directions,
but the esquaco do nothing of the site,
because it's it's in a single that
That would be the natural thing to time and I something wrong do.
And that was this phonomenon, KL Zero is a way
becue your elementary particle, cossissing of an esquark and unty down.
In that respect it lukes fair much like a by own the byans,
contain, up and down quack,
one of itch is untye and one of this ordinary.
So the key on could because it that to be
the strange and other gone to the pione particle.
Nein, it goes is a two quacks, those two quacks. Well,
the escould good roll gate into the deed that's that people angle,
then you have a deal the device, the D&D by,
well, they could emitte the see, the nutelsieg object,
because The D is byed of a doublet.
And all particle sicher in doublets, interactive the young mill system.
As so, the dequite interact and generate as eSEO and
as eSEO could do fences a mupplows mu minus.
This two employee that this escape particle, this is precue your name,
should me we allow to dK and to two me ones and your plus and a mu miners.
DK would not me who are very strange thing to happen,
because other particles, there's a positively positive ideo of K,
K, Plus, which contains, okay down, which came one is,
which contains are state of a de-bike on thens a you bike.
And then this interaction does, okay,
it gives a mu and a notrino.
So the Charge, the Charge can ones,
do do do GK to a mu and notrino
So and that decade was measured and create accuracy.
And so this who be a nature consequence of their steering.
And why I'm the crealized a medity that you can actually carculate,
the read at which this particular who diggay,
I love call it to this back at this.
And accelementar says, not know,
the DKL, long does not decade to these particulars.
If it, the elsence for, it's long lift.
It lives so long, because it's kind of diggay into
muoplaws me minus. And this was a direkte competition thing,
series and experiments. And why I'm back at now there
how cress of his problem, so it's said,
I'm not you into go did it those quatsch.
There's something around with them
And as a argumental, that's a very wise thing,
that he did. So that there was,
that you and d Form a year mills doublet,
but the training sprach sits there all by itself.
The realisation at that is where you had to seek for
the solution of the Palm, came from three people,
a glash how are your plus and miani.
And they said, well, we can fix this problem.
All we have to do a say,
that also the strange quack is biete of a doublet
We are can give the names,
see is the byton of the strange quack.
So we add if forest quacked to the system.
And this forest quacked give the names see, see see stunts for charming.
Because they had that well, for easons,
that it was first populisiers as a toy to play with and lacking any better
name, the call that time. But late our time,
war was the cause of charming,
also use as magic as a being software mysterious magic.
Because why me see is magic,
the charg quack who solve,
the cay long to my plus we mind as problem
You hold you fehler to stand a mother,
was full of rettless of this side.
So we had mysteries that good it be understood and less
we added some things, some pecular forces and so.
And so the stand a mother group by a very narrow
cooperation mething, experientalists and the euro editions.
So now what does this to? Well, at first
side it makes a things worse. Because now,
what can happen, if ass is also part of a doublets,
the ass were also indirect with the sea not.
And so you can have an other decade back cay long,
it can the debak and going to an ass by.
But the same can bibo mixing And yes, and yes,
but I've also coupled to a season all.
And that will be going interact. And give it me
plus me myself. So I find that decade,
one as two ways to decade to mu plus mu minus.
Because the ass has as property, so first you
had the deater to sing now we have the ass.
But now, here comes to the clifford part oder dreck it,
nicht genau only fully on a stand in gone to meganics.
This force is at only dust a force that gay to dgay.
The force also has a orientation, a direction.
And you were talk about the things different ways.
You say, quantum mechanically, there are two processes.
And the do processes is, when commined,
they given an empetudes, which give has the other science.
So there's interference taking place. And the interference is destructive
. So the part of can decade in my place,
my way, or an this way.
And many caplate, how the way functions go quanting again,
a calley find, you have the opposite sign.
And it do way functions cancel? I can also talk
and does the forces, the effective forces here have the opposite sign.
So this as, this is an amti as and this
is, not I can say that way.
But this is an ass and this is a dequake.
And this different science, really come from a bett,
black.here, the mixing, here as goes into do,
here a deal goes back and to ass,
but that goes other sign.
And as a consequence, the two diagrams have opposite science here.
You can say, also say that two 4s,
the sactory in the Opposite direction.
So we can't say other out. Everything also identical into Agram,
so we do you decaplision, you get identical number,
there's with other sign. So you also say too 4s,
just, best in the opposite direction and there's no not fortschlaft.
And that is a correct exprenation as the Y,
cay long does not decain to muu plus mu minus.
If very marvelos, result that glasure lioplos in Mayani geguckt,
take late and digital. Yes, now we understand,
why the key long doesn't decade.
Just that we need is a forth quack. Now,
this was all they hype with citical and mysterious in indoor stays.
But now came about when a my dicked a glasure and
europols on the computer things, then they real I said ever being in prediction.
They prediction was that exists a forth quack.
And they good estimate the master of the forth quack
How could do that to if the forest,
can could be very heavy, the hicks who be couples,
very strongly to that 40 quarks.
And that would cause it to have slatty different properties.
And it would cause the esk up and to these you
not, the we not identical to the decoupling.
And then these two phänomen, I would not exactly match.
So but very effortly measuring,
does case eo really not decade to my plus measures,
in the very real case, it's sometimes does.
And from that, you would estimate, what is a mass limit?
I think give to the chant quack. And these said,
the chant quack, should not be to heavy, because then,
well, then it's a lot sure up in them excited as a right.
But then, this argument took,
black down
So, the search that in this it experiments that should
look for particulars with his new quack and it.
These search for a long and you funk some fact signals,
but in more and dremetted event happened in a video quite unexpected way.
Die dramatik event happened, when in November 1974,
that was when the simultanes yet two groups of experientalists and nows,
that that made in discovery.
And one of the groups was in standford, where the experiment
was such that to open the trash electrons,
you plus in in minus,
I made to colight
Just like related wo du in the lab machine at the material energy,
but in this machine, e-plus in the minds,
root collite, and the form, they measured how,
frequent just going to his once,
how quickly is it in elastic collegin, it plus in minds collite,
but the art parties camerator, then e-plus in minds,
but to cat also me emuels and or,
and other particles, and they measured,
how off one do discollisions state place.
And they again, you express is and that are cross section,
if eogression textpects very offen, you can express this as if,
the particle was what bigger,
then if the collection deculition dexpects very realy,
the particular heasis, like being very small.
So express, the efficiency of collision and those
or cross sections
Na, in the Slack Machine in particular,
when people collated, eplosing mine is at that energy,
they had got an use you that about once per minute, ecolosion takes place.
So, so they have to Machine on everytime,
the beams when Strites coach other,
but on the efforts runs per minute, something happened and the collesion
was radust at. And, and then they called and
intertained to mash what happens you in the collesion. But suddenly, well,
there wasn't an normaly, because the did the measure,
the measure at 3 and the measure at 4 and 3 and half,
but the measurements at,
at 3GV,
even on then short of little spike
And that was we got say, we're not very ekkurated
in measuring as three, sometimes you're looking as three point one.
When there were looking as fee point one, a very suddenly the cross-Section,
increased by effective as thousand fact of hundred, from 20,
2, to 000, so so all the asatellite,
there was an enormes Reise in the cross-Section,
a effect of hundred and an event
down again here, to a slightly higher higher level than before.
The action ation of this is that is a particular with
a mass and literate it have you than three point
one GEV
Now, if the electrons have a bit more energy that,
it creates that same thing, but then it at leaves
of energy besides for creating a third-partical like a fotom or something.
So and other was, there is a tail in this interaction,
but this only a small tail,
because you go for freepoint one to 7114 and then effectorally this appears.
You're now so say that some Machine in Akiracien here.
And we the found this particular curve. And the same thing happened,
you looked at that the elastic crossection or if you looked
at at the e-plusy mines, go, over into different particles,
like new plus immune,
or mume minesages
Oh, für Gott, der Shippeye mine ist standard to plus.
Ich plus die mine ist, ich plus die mine ist,
ich plus die mine ist, für die mine ist.
Für die mine ist die mine ist. So,
jetzt mupplas, wie mine ist, ich plus,
ich mine ist and so on.
Und so das, was die very market was thing,
ey, nu particular had been us covered.
Und what this particular was was a create mystery?
It was not chime, I something I that.
It was a particular it is criticisablish,
what the particular at we spin one. So,
it was a particular spin one, just like the folk one.
So, at the first repreaction was,
we have discovered a new folk one
It's so happened that this covery had also we don't somewhere as.
If that a little bit earlier, accept,
somewhere thing, was keeping as this government secret,
because he could beliefer on 1. What his measurement sad was,
when you not just is the all against,
it should be, it plus in eminers.
He had the opposite interaction, where you cliyed Haydon's against
from all other, and you generate ePlus and eminers.
And then he found a peak as three point one,
a gate big peak. So something also that if
this thing is riegling, I've just government no particular.
But he didn't believe is cause all,
he thought somewhere's build,
playing a practical joggling
Willst du, who be you very time thing to do
by the way? But anyway, but then,
when you here that that people are slack for going to
Jack froms more, some anornormaly industry point one region,
here relage to go public.
Und that's for tee that so, the publication game civil than is.
That this particular have been discovered inbrucated and have been this
covered instand for it. What is this Jay well?
It's think all the Jay and stand for this as goal psy.
So that butter got a double name
It's customery that someone who discovers something is allow to give it the name.
Nein, this have been discovered independently by two people,
share deboth it of the name, share partial,
is now name, J. Psy,
one of the few particles, is a double name.
Anyway. What is a J. Psy? The korrect answer came very song.
But there was something very mysterious about this J. Psy.
There was a riesige my people did not believe this answer
contogive you know. The answer is,
the J. Psy was a chime under chime boundstate.
So we have a seaquake, a sea-bike, work,
and they can go over and do a folk on
and making e-plus imminers,
something like that.
And was happening all
Die, na, ich spiele eine riesen Why we didn't believe this at first.
Und we, no, my that, I was one,
the first to believe that was automatic correct.
But there are something vaise range about it. And that
was that the interaction was so week. This was supposed
to be a storm or electrometric interaction. So the folgt
unser generative electrometric strangs and then legis no e-plus e-miners.
That should not give such a narrow peak that should
you give a broad peak? Brat peak, because
a peak or the digga is vable, rapidly,
because only broad peaks that very in Europe
So a väter, people's very now. Loss integration,
that particular doesn't like to decade is way. But why not's other particulars do decade,
that way if I very easily,
if this were order to nay quirks,
they are are much short a lift and a decade,
much fast, of you in use in basic the same process.
So are something way out about particulars made of jump crucks.
It turned out that these particulars, I much smaller.
So way, cause it are a pia on,
it has a certain size of about a family,
also, because this is the order narry prarks.
But if you book back together a see and a seequirk,
they are much have you,
and for that reason,
they are make
particulars visual effectively much smaller
When they're much small like, you not only that,
you find that are something else going on.
When they're I'm much smaller, the strong interteraction to in
the time other jump quacks, as much weeker.
This had up to that more and just been
hype pothesis. It had been only they, indirectly,
BNA, good a disco be the way,
the case, but a devil been seen, explicitly.
That different to quacks, very crawls together,
that the strong force becomes are lot to weeker.
Now, if the song for is a goals a week,
they don't like a come that close together after all,
because they're not been a tacticist only anymore.
So it have much more difficult defining to other to emit
a foldom
And that was going to be the expedition,
as a while to JPSI, was such a, ey,
weekly and rechtem Object, it looked much where like a foto on,
then a strongly interesting, hey, dronic particle.
So, so, but wenn ich etwas reinleise,
das, was ich will, to look at things,
there is pieces of the Jacks of Buzzil,
that's was lady going to formed and that as tend and model, came to place.
So, so, we have to relate this,
we're in the Nobelpreis to say to this free people,
who had Publicly announced, Publicly on the Week of the Strongforce,
that the Strongforce to comes to much weeker,
made being things closer together.
And just because of this effect, that song for to go so week,
when you brookpartical closer together, because that's fact to J-Psy-Partical,
atted in such a you way, that is dogly unexpected.
And that's was why people at first it in bleedo eyes
on its saw this very neropic and e-plus
Na, what is a trang for is?
The strong for is is again a young mills interaction.
And this is how things game together,
to make it stand a model more elegant and beautiful.
This of the discovery that you have to think of quarks as be charged objects,
not not talk, to care charge,
because there's strong for is that acts on them as if to have charge.
But the charge of these quarks is a not like all in the charge,
but it's doesn't take two value truck plus or miners, it extree values.
So quarks have it triple charge mind of charge.
And this was nimmt Color. And it was Color is very apps,
because you can think of crack,
ish crack and coming in three different Colors, read,
blue, eugreen.
Say. And then the underquash, come in the conduded color.
Yellow, Sion and Magenta, Magenta. If that would
be the three opposite colors to read green and blue.
And if then again you interviews a same young mills princent,
you did young mills field, and you know,
a quake with Color going squid, then the quake will not change it identity, but
it will change it's color. So don't quake,
was do it, don't quake, but it's call,
I will will become different.
It's going to read to blue of read to green was something us.
And the Die Energy Quanta of this Yarmills feels,
Aquanta, which themselves carry color.
Just how the color, das ist eine gute Place.
The Energy Quanta all this Yarmills field, eat up,
the residio color, to all own to change to take place.
So again, a young mills field in Beautiful can young mills field,
where now this internal populty of collects color color, was be enused.
Now we can ask, what do this is a look
like and now we had a serie for by in in those questions.
This colorfield was a young nose system but this time,
there's no hicks mechanism that practice semitry.
And people saw that the hexpectanism was bety
art landish and something difficults to get used to.
But then every discovery was made, quatsche a prisingly,
that if you have no hicks mechanism in the young more system,
the system was even stranger.
So with out hicks market ism, you have done stand
that the young more securations and no lineary regulations.
And therefore they're not make max for feels where And that
he feel line this way.
And that we don't dissure to that. And lightweight,
really going this way, eure lightweight on get way.
The go strikes who is other with out this turbing each other.
There's no longer too for the strong force.
It would make 13 mc lightweights out of strong force.
There's very strongly in tretty jother. So strongly,
that strong for us color light doesn't exist.
It's not all the recaller. I'm talking about this is
the thing we call, call it just a give it a name.
But light made out of these colors, doesn't exist.
And that's because the field eggation so long linear,
that any call out pipical,
is confined to a very
swall region
Can't get out. Dictola feels simply refused to allow anything with Gollar,
to move eye voway from the opposite colors,
that are also around in the system.
And this was something there in difficult to get used to,
much where difficult and the hicks mechanism,
because now to get this street.
You had to solve in no linear equations. And to get
this content becannect, that was something quite un usual and difficult to understand.
We call is now Gollar confinant, confinant means that the different questions colors,
are forced to state together in a head on.
This, but the way is the riesend why question,
cannot come out a single particles.
There confined by this gollar force
And okay, we start with free quacks and to free underquactions come in the conjugate colors.
So this blue is green, purple and and yellow.
And we started a free quact, with quickies realized. Oh yes,
I say, the strong forest acts in this direction,
replation in the colors or other colors,
the week forest acts in the vertical direction, replation,
you, by the and so on.
But the strange quact would not be correct in this configuration
to make it charact, you need the forest quact,
that are also allow a strange quact,
the make it tradition,
but now in a charm the rection
So this was, the quirk picture of the matter of
goles standard model. And now, lots of bits a
bits have been falling to place, but not quite.
There was one an normally in the model, that was not quite understood.
Haven't do a game is a cape-articles. But alsome,
so very reare, the have your of the cap particles,
that didn't fit to this picture. And I gain,
the Amedy game in the very similar way, you get everything project,
if you add on other pair of quarks, good top and bottom.
Top and bottom, I very heavy, squarks peaces,
the uper down of very light, only if you MEV,
the strange quark is about about hundred,
So consider we have your, then it up and down.
The time quactor, all relative 1500 MEV. Now,
the bottom is something like 4000 and a top is sort of the like.
170, 200, now. I had a 70,000 MEV.
Yeah, sort of that's howland to 70, G-EV.
So a top is very heavy indeed. And this why
it took much much long more time for these objects to be this covered.
Now, this is the picture of the drugs,
you have and ready in one of my early talks
equation game
Where do we go from here, is it on natural to suspect,
that the serious just continuous, maybe quacked number sever,
number 8, I just around the content,
number 9 and the materna also waiting for us.
So, maybe have even indefinites secrets of quacks.
Ja, und so is very likely not. And the
reason as that with these 6 quacks, everything eclease perfectly,
is your observations, if you tied to as another quack,
it too have to be much have yourself and these.
If this much have you,
the master of these quacks can only be do to the hicks mechanism,
in that respect quacks are very similar to the laptons,
Die Univette gibt einen Mars.
Wir haben einen Kappel to the Hexfield. Nein,
wenn du eine Quarks tust, much heavy then a topquark,
the hicks, would couple a source talking to the squarks,
that order you physical would would no long a work.
It has a limit, to have song particular interact physical.
And the have your quarks, good not, would got our bada
limit anymore. So they have to stop. On double
this, it's also found to do not on Trinos.
And this is not story in this in the standard model,
that you also have the lapton-Sector. And there was a
rule, which at first side looks very mysterious.
The rules that that if you have sechs Grass-Species, you should also have sechs Lapton-Species.
I mean, I had the electron and a my one,
the basically four lapton, servus electron and it's not trino,
and a my one, it's not trino.
There are four laptons, and they had four a quaks.
I have think was fine. But now that we have in correcting of 5,
Charakter 6, used also have lapton on the 5 and lapton number 6. If you didn't do that,
stand a mother would look find at first side,
they in this cover,
something event rong with the Galculations, a vais sattle
feature goes rong with the Galculations,
and for a long time people,
where very missified,
why do you equisitions galron
Wie Realize. Das ist so etwas, das wir kaufen können.
Wenn wir traurig sind, haben wir different Angst,
dass die Benning How we cabled it.
Wir kaufen eine normale. Es war eine normale Serie,
wenn wir number qua, different von number of laptons.
Aber es ist so happend, dass es sehr lapton war,
was wir discovered hatten. Und das ist ein Social Neutrino
. Es geht um die tower Laptons. Nein,
oder nicht mehr, aber lebt uns ein bisschen,
es ist ein Ego,
um den number quaks peaces a bite from my multipine by three,
because sie haben each of things three colors.
So now this is the picture.
And this is how I stand a mother look for a
long time
So, you see no trinos can only row gate to the left,
they can not row gate to the right,
because to the right, all these I singlets.
These things here, do not on the go week intractions,
because on the left circle dating ones,
you have everything is inform of doublets to all interact for see you.
But inmiting young mill, so young mills, course,
intractions here, but not intractions here.
So, this is flatty more complete, detailed,
fiction of the standard model, where left to the reitruck dating,
I get to separed, to be this crib.
And then of course, you have the young mills particles
and the hexpartical, all that together gave,
a beautiful picture of thestandard model
But as as mension really several time,
servus something about those notrinas, that I should sill explain.
And talking about an normalies, there was still elementary with notrinas,
when tine to book those into the standard model.
And the first at normally found, was the trinos emitted by the song.
Astrophysis, he had computed ingreditail, how the song,
would emitt notrinas? Why as it so, well,
the song as a agentic nuclear reactor,
and in the nuclear reactor nuclear reaction stake place at the
reacted came very well called
And what as of his is cockrated is,
how many nutrinorage produced inside as some?
It's very positive get that number right,
because they whole evolution of the sound depends on that,
if you get this numbers increately,
you don't don't stand why the sound behaves the way it does.
For instance, they later, measured how are some excess make excellence,
the sound wobbles, and and and also it's.
And you can card play the freegocy of the solo ascellations.
And everything seeing to work perfectly right with the standal model,
accept for one thing. There are the earth,
literit out of scale everything,
but when you look at the nutrinos or the some,
some of the nummer reach
you us
And when they reached you can boot a big detector on ass,
this has been done,
it was very heart and difficult to dubelcause to extremely in eart,
the goes through everything, they don't interact strongly,
they don't interact electrominantically, only weekly,
and that's a very bore interaction.
If you want to detect something. So, more shouldn't
try to go right, true the earth,
as if the earth wasn't there at all.
Oliver, there are funity nows,
can we capitured in the detector and can be countered.
And I hear our ready gave a picture
of what's happing here
Only one out of this train outrinos, and mittlerweile son,
the registry earth. For some riesing that is a mass match.
There we should have detective three that as more notrinos,
then I just go to detected.
Experiment was rebeated over at over again, more more actually,
but sure enough, there was effect the three,
raffly, missing, or these notrinos.
As if something happened in notrinos along the way,
I have done a stand, that these nukly reactions,
all dick places in the electron sactory.
So basically the son only immates, electron tight notrinos. Now,
it good be imagined, that those electron tight notrinos,
good make trasitions into aller Taschen drin aus.
Wir haben Mute-Taschen drin aus. Und wir haben tought tought mit hinaus.
Imagine, that's someone trainers transmute and to mue and town.
Where in that case, that all mix up and only
one out of three of things on the everage,
would reach the earth that would he is electron trainers.
The others, would reach to earth as mue, a town or trainers.
But those are much more difficult to detect.
So detective was also concentrierting on electron tought in trainers.
And that is why the detective only measured one side as
a talk to number.
We must have to possibilited in eutrinos transmute
Na then need time to do so.
And it don't have much standing over the speed of light.
So it one to be able to transmute those interinos,
must go a little bit,
slow or that light. Only if way, very libble slower.
We not talking about the experience of it, it riesinnig, to not go faster.
These trainers should go it there, little bit slow or light,
just to a laurem to make this transmitation into other crime to notrinos.
Then it works, but it only works, if you make a standard model,
that was no long of this form, but shouldn't we modified.
Die Industrie has should have a component and drop its in the other direction.
If the trinos go slow, the light,
in Prince of a you can setting, address,
and then then if it also routed in the rong direction.
So we must have a component, we say in Jaguarn,
a field component, also the trinot, the drop dreats in the other direction.
So I more complete more now, like this. Well,
we say, that is just fine, because in the quarct,
sective you are ready had the situation, the question,
are all quite heavy, and so quaction,
all sero gate into the ructions.
So in a quarct,
sective all was had left and right component separatly,
because otherwise, you got to speak into the crack of mass.
So now we just say, the same thing to hold
for the laton. Actually, this big ture itself,
is more sematric and more beautiful, then if the industrials,
didn't have a right hold dating component.
So, but all this, just to explain one
or the omily one experiment, is a bit much.
But you see does no, serious objection against this.
But then came and other indication, and that was much more precise.
That was a machine in your pan, in Japan,
they had actually made a big cave in a Deserted sink mine in Smalltalk
or Kamyoka, der war in Sink mine, in Amountain.
Und dementsprechend war er sehr deep, die Sinkarte. Und nadicultuse,
dass das Tunnel, um eine sebra-kolumne Inside-Amountain-Make,
ein big whole in there,
und filled the assize of the hole with this very delected lamb detectors for light.
This I've folk to detectors and you
filled and dising this water
So, it knows about to very pure awater being field in there.
And the Machine was built for a multiple purpose,
not yours one purpose, but to mash it several things,
they hope to see that if couple of years time,
person one proton and this enorse, buzzer of water,
could dK. It put to, it people very eager to find,
but a partners DK or not that to be a big,
novative eftro, that dK was not found, effect,
what it did find, was the naturals from the sun.
But now, they could find do can't do think hose,
they find a trainals,
they come direktly from the sun from a both.
But those of find a
trainals is come from the law
Those your trainers had to go through dias. Na,
I said, the earth is practically transparent for the two nose,
but not client, what the earth does do to imtrainers is transmute them?
Yes, because not the internate goals for some much matter that electron taschen tinnos,
could road taschen into our clients of the trainers,
but in a different way.
Oh, I'm sorry, I not say,
it quite character here, I should correct myself.
They've not looking at solo that the trainers,
they've looking at cosmic rainers.
In the cosmic rainers, also the trainers are mean produced
And nose our trios,
are are of the muon type, usually,
some of the election tasks on the muon type,
but the muon turn is confront both, directly,
should that actually equal namens of electron a muon to train out.
So it computers basically this numbership equal. But coming from
the other side, the found as slight are normally.
And again, this anomaly also integated that not trious can townsmute.
So this was a know and more eccurate measurement on Notinos,
which on the goal modations and transformations, and become different.
So this was again, a integration,
Notinos carry most
Now, there many experiments of the saw,
being said, up to check in what ways,
intinuous carry mass, and how do notinuous trasmute?
So I lots of things to masure,
the mass of them trainums, the redet which to all tas mute,
the electric content to a my one,
the muering with to a tower,
talking go to electron and all the other directions.
So you lots of things to measure and to check against experiment.
This is very hardwork. Unfortunately one thing you cannot measure.
And that's the upsolute to mass of notina. What you
can masure is a differences of the massquare, hold it notina aus.
That you can masure very actually, this today's experiments.
But there's one common factor in the mass, that at the established.
And that's going dequate well, before the find out
how to do that. It's not really know today,
how to add to measure the mass of the trainer alway itself.
The always to make bounds, what they are not very
epirate today, unfortunately. Maybe in a disn't future,
people find the way to vari equity measure mass of the
trainer always today, that has not to be acchieved.
So, but anyway, this was a very interesting and important,
observation that again to mysterioshiba that the middle of the experiment, the nowelpreis of
2002. So Das ist eine Moderatorin, die today I'm skept
protefue details and particular notrino sector and also die Quarks,
die mixen in der höchsten Wahl sind,
ist nicht kind of quacks.
What they do it when then the mix and how they
and how they cause some pecular things happen in the came us ons.
That we two much explain to one day. So it's been effect,
I want to spend a spend a few more minutes on what next.
The standard modern is an absolutely beautiful model, but it's not
mathematically completely consessent. So we know from the start,
that are some allities in the mathematics of the model that tolers,
this is not the end of
the story
The mother is beautiful and it's kind of explain all obsifications up to now very pecisely.
The mother first thing that the LHC that,
when it was such on is check, the standard mother as you know it.
So they read is covered all that bothing as you really not exist.
Light to JPS like, the top on tit top top situations.
And then the both of untime both of particles.
All these things are being checks inkreted detail. Yeah,
it is known that the mother cannot we see exactly great.
And riesen as if you go to very, much small of this ences,
you're light to compared in, the LHC is a microscope, if you're
turn up making five empower of this markets goal. But not effect 100,
which you cannot do with we can do it in our imagination,
then we see that something very all things happen in standard model,
that you find unbelieverable,
much for like clears it that,
that I simply many more particles, visual equal,
so much energy to to we produce that they have mean producer in our labs,
they are facts are invisible at the mad effect find our own of the LAC today.
But this party is might be there,
if you go to the next create, no big machine.
So the standard model is not complete. So we are
searching for more complete and more beautiful models. And Wow,
you can ask how will that happen, well,
there are three forces, electromagnetism, week and strong,
what I plot here, is not the strength that the force,
but the weekness of the forces, you will,
one over the strength square.
So you did you that 4by definited it by G-Square of
this very juice, compliant constant, all this three forces.
So the song forces very strong and therefore,
if you think one over juice quite, is a small number.
The week force is over in between,
and there was is other folk on, which wasn't stand a model,
which was the residual of the electromagnetic force,
and that if inverted that you get number euromagraphlia here und here
What we can do is vegan, cause it are the menufy about of a Microscope.
And this is again, mathematics that of itually details,
I can't explain, but has to do with with these looped aggrems.
And the complications that that we get,
when we that more those things, very precisely,
you fight that these numbers are not trually tonsons. Effect,
the strong forest, we goes we guy and the week forest,
because also betweek, the electrometric forest becomes, stronger,
when you go to very high energy,
as some my here, these forces, because nearly identical.
It had we not serve that the nothing of this super
semantical changel that
Super Szene, die war suspected to a sommer and this domain.
And it was an astric, super Simmithingal, Bandonly Sreakers,
down. The reason is that we don't possite it,
many more particles, also was of species of particles,
all this particles, we don't to Band this lies down about.
And then it was found that in the particle
singt to these lies, into goes to one spot.
And that is very suggestive, this suggest to things,
one is that might be super Symmetry.
And you other is that the might we are further unified forest, at his extremely high
manification power. Effect you are very closer domain,
what a gravitational forest explace. So that's here a super
Simmitry and on. And So that's only add my here,
so blow at T. You know, I see,
has a ready excluded supersymmetry up to about a T.V.
So this point has we move to the right to little bit.
Pobly that doesn't yet jopedize this finding too much,
but we are got to what it right, nature my memor complicated.
We don't know that. But this is one of the
speculations. The direct experient of evidences it practically absent.
So we as speculating. And maybe we are completely ong.
And bevonce factory is a feud of unification takesplace. And this again,
that the high way where today's limit is here,
we like to study physic out there and all
And sorry, the grandiotification takesplay somewhere and this domain.
That is what the use of belief it how could digrantification takeplays,
how could is three a panel different forces,
be united at it point.
And that will be the case, if all particular multiplats,
I further combined in bigger multiplats factures. So,
today's town a model, or regular looks like this,
we had quack, that in der Form trittplatz basically for the extrong golly,
they form doublets with suspective week force and the opposite rocation
was like this
Ob der Neutrino, was notiert, Menschen da ist,
aber es ist sehr temptiv zu beliefen, dass die deformen billige Units sind.
Also, das ist nicht tief für sie, für eine Partikel,
die eine Konsektion hat. Wir haben Molterplays, die sagen,
hey, see there as a little thing missing in this multiplat,
this is a 15 combot, not a 16 combot,
multiplat, but now, we know that in the trainhouse have also the opposite tradition component.
Dieser Antinotrinos, die Neutrino sofort, die Amterpartikels formen Adas,
such 16 component object
But there masing thing is that the mathematics works, beautifully,
if she put particles and unantaparticals in the same multiplats.
So this is the untime electron,
vicious proof with the untiquarks, in one sucture.
And we take all these creatures rawclate to the left together in one multiplats.
Reite with the things, I have to be put interfone multiplats.
So the amt that it rinos, imprinzip a culatrotine,
to left it all. Unders you had, this notrino
mixing mechanism, which you know, not books is.
So now, we have 16 fundamental objects in the
first generation
An des Herrs Verebietet Friedheims, Blick auf Yasree Generations,
sechs Squaks and sechs Laptons, ich komme in die Doublets.
So this is not a complete picture. And this looks
like a much more beautifuly unifized series. Of question,
a speclate, why do we have free of these,
why not more, maybe the series these against form and even bigger,
sechs and so three of 408, 408, multipled,
who knows, maybe that's for that happens, we don't know this.
But this is the way people speclate about the first unification.
The mathematical nation, that goes to this good ass all can.
Nicing what asser than, it's a technical thing,
which I find pop difficult to explain,
but these this many components or the familient in the astrodent serie,
hey, they're much like to the different spinning components of the Electron,
the Electron spins up
or down. But in a very high dimension world,
if it atten more dimensions, they can spinning many other ways.
And they can spin exactly in these 16 different ways,
when you add than more dimensions to space and time
So, looks like, this as or 10 is like,
in interest pace time with 10 extra der menschen.
And so, this is a very a billie bicture if
to too, but it's a serd a while speculation.
By the way, this would suggested or underpotical sympathical
or Iron the same multiplet. And that means,
that if you know look at A Poltron,
then some of the crush, could make a transportation,
in to unty quarks.
And that means a program can decame to a piot,
because a piot, was is a quarks and unty quarks.
And that would be the program unstable.
So this is a theory that or deep
stabilized supportron
You can't go clayed or more be seissly Estimate,
the redet which programs you gay and you find it the extrem mystable.
And you need more in 10331 years for single portion to DK.
But if you have a swimming pool food of Portons,
then more them will DK was in the year.
And they can time to measure that.
That's what the Jappenis wanted to do. But so five,
there's not succeeled in the tacting a DK in Porton.
So this is one of ways we might want to go in the future,
if this whole scame works,
this came looks beautiful at looks very addamtly,
is mathematically very pleasing,
but we don't know for sure,
but this is the reitway
to go
And finally, the alterned, universed series String-Serie,
we, you may not our talks what this,
people have been using a fantasy erfahrung,
that if you range, for and particular,
take to shave of a string, rather than,
a point, this thing, and show many internal volbrations.
So many, that again, easy generate,
all this multiples of particulars, effect much more and that.
But more sort of these excited thing mult,
who would we very, very heavy?
And therefore invisible. The ones which excited is only very
little energy other particulars at VC today
And the question is where they can be realized in Estring Theory.
There's much discussions going on now, things Theory,
it's a very different Theory. So far,
they have not yet with able to come this,
this perfections that could be very for eight in experimental observations.
So the Theory is some of shaking ground. But again,
it is based on very, a pleasing and beautiful mathematics.
In particular one or these thing molds, that you generates
the gravitation of force. This came is a competent preis,
it was a thought of to be the situation in the beginning.
But the found that that particularly the close thing as as
as a elegate here, this thing as a no
end points
So this plostering, could be that the same particular as
the particular generate, the gravitational force, the gravidon.
So this hood unify gravity with the other forces and evently particulars.
To go to be two and breaks at this to go to be true,
but it is a very artive research topic,
that maybe this is the way to on the send,
how put it had we unified more completely.
All these our while speculations but all these speculations,
come is a lot of mathematics. And I said,
promos, you're not going to show any mathematics,
is black what stays clean and now Butter
no master matterical equations on this, on the screen,
so I can't explain that back, I just draht explain you that,
the mathematics is beautiful and very tempting to believe.
So this is why,
there's a big heard of the editor offices working on this addea,
it's so beautiful, it has to be true,
that's a general consensus, a long many people.
Not everyone of course, if you are not excited,
it's your easy to criticism. It is to criticism,
because have no experimental obsofficiations,
that you can not per experimental predictions,
predictions day made,
didn't seen to to be very fight as yet
So and that's a spect of the year as a rather
poor record. But the beautiful mathematics something at stands,
opposite to that. And that makes us believe that might
be a lot of truth in the series as well.
We simply don't know, but this is exciting field.
And videos hope that L.A.C. Well,
give us just one model step to what this
very dissent aim of unify and understanding
all offices competent
Well, the problems things there as well of the problems that that we fang
more riesely is that are very many distinctly different solutions.
And all the solutions form are landscape.
And this is my own artist inpression of the landscape.
So they say that there's so many possible solutions,
we don't know which is hours, visions our universe.
Our universal just single point somewhere in the landscape.
And we don't know which pointed is. So we can't predict many of its properties,
because all these points have different properties, the standard model lose difference,
all this peaks and values in the landscape.
And which peak and which or which a very is are world that nobly can tell,
but we can tell you experiment to see, what are looks like?
This is a completent sitivation. And but are ready an
answers we given as why this is so. This say,
well, all these worlds might actually exist. And you only reason,
why why are you was it here, is that,
oh yeah, in this universe, people can going to be,
if all from living beings, all these ally universe,
are as that is anything.
So it's not life and there only only here and happens to be so life,
and we are that to I world and I worked death for looks like this.
So it's good be that this is going to untopic principle.
It's good be that the simple fett,
there's life now you different constraints, peacizily,
which point that's landscape for actually occupy.
We don't like to see you very much,
because that means it's impossible to predict from first principles,
what the which is trinks solutions the right one and how we can make predictions for experience.
The see us as now, all socials are possible,
all these different universals, I realized somewhere,
but there are lifeless.
And so there's no body that to at my
them only one
Yes, where this argument, holds remains to be seen.
I do member doesn't old book ritten by Christian Herhens,
the personal who discovered the rings of Saturn and a moon
of Saturn and also two other of the light,
the very important douch theoretical, physically would go him.
How does that speculate the bug life on other planets?
But from his point of view,
he you was you use in the 70s century.
So he was so that the knowledge,
what's planets was virtually upson, so he said,
all this planets had to be inhabited by life
Living beast and by people and so all this planets,
I have it it. Because he could of the imagine,
what the planets of 4,
why would got of made all these planets,
what that people living on them enjoying, the presence of this planets.
Now you know, got a argument is rong,
most of the planets, now neighbord, at doctly, uninhabited and lifeless.
And got seems has created on for nothing. And so you are topic principle,
could be a view to bound with the same, knowledge,
that most of these other universes are there for nothing.
And only one of them carries life and where we,
and vil live in that but to univers
So, I think, so much from my philosophy and
I should and my talk here.
Thank you. Thank you very much. Refessionaliting, recomplex,
talk. I think they have time for some questions.
Lady I, lady mittely von einem, as we question,
yes. Yes. Why should beautiful matter matter experience indicator
of the shows?
What of laters
Oh. Well, experience in the basses is you opened.
So it is very delicated argument. In the bass is
shawn that the twos all, smart for beautiful,
then the alternative series that have been put forward.
Now, people are very, but stempted to turn that upsadar.
As hey, because it's the one see is what beautiful
the eli, it not's be toll. Now,
whether you are lot, shit to turn this arround is
very to be us and offen those beyond in the eye,
because think of to old kriegs who thought that matter,
that only for elements or fire cardimons of matter.
And you know, earth watter fire. And so on.
And that we is was much why elegants there 90 to
a climate car elements that that carb is later found.
So that was ugly. But now we know that again,
well, the kriegs for earth, other albit, not those five,
but rather power transnew tons electrons and just a couple of other,
make all visual matter in this world.
So actually, the truth is fairly beautiful. The host
tell and a mother tourned out of me more beautiful,
alysm in my eyes, that many of the ideas,
we had we're looking at earlier
Für Instagram ist es ein Studium. Die Strunkfrau ist türkisch
. Wir didn't on stand anything of it.
Why did have to shape it it has?
We thought, it just is into you ugly.
And this is a poximated by things,
I will not go epicycles, you know,
to get some out of its symmetry properties.
Some it's things, but it will always remain,
they unfather moble. Much to everybody surprise. It do
it song for us, good, be completely analyzed.
And now, we on send a lot of it.
So, so here was an example, that's beauty wins
over orienas. Now, some people say this tainable as
overly because so contains quite a lot of engrenians.
And it should be made it easier a simpler.
And that's public to and we don't know how to
do that
So I think it's my answer is we are turning and argument upside on. Yeah,
I would is two those those are to be beautiful,
where the beautiful death was always true,
that is tempting thing to suspect,
but that's of course not always agass.
I think that's when it's so posting believided,
Joshua Masser, I think,
it was perfect
In this making which room threes, the links,
so that in this room, for example, this.
We need a hex, but then you said,
something I would going to the stand.
Could you repeat, the briefly the question? No,
no, I just mister word, we need the hex
for.
Yes. Yes. Yes
Begegnet zu referenzen. Zu groß auf das von uns,
wünschen kann man so lange, willst du das errichten?
Im Motiv, das ergibt Butter, groß und gut.
I see, that's fair difficult to answer.
Of course, I have we want a magine,
the correct answerlize in the equations.
So, New Recess F is M-Times A, Masterms Acceleration,
that mass is a number in a equations.
And that that number is something we relife to be able to compute.
And we find that we can alls a tached to
any particle, any number we like for
its mass
The see we become in consistent, the symmetry populists judant work.
So you have to restand the young mill seele and ja, that see
is have very deep and port and symmetry pattern and them.
So young mills for second only active all party was have equal mass.
It cannot vegae transition, but self of one party
to an other party where the mass is different.
Because then it books, it do something that the equations
don't allow to happen. So,
but if the heaks couple of those artpartical as well,
then the heaks can tos motorpartical do and other partical,
that rockets in on the action have an different mass.
So the heaks can can air terms to the equations,
where are mass us become the front?
Wenn du das jetzt tust, tust du das mit dem Vater.
Das ist das Leben jetzt, bezahlt uns, benutzt uns.
Jetzt hat sich der Plan noch mal vor uns zusammengebracht.
Er bezahlt uns. Wenn der Hund bedient.
Er bedient uns
Okay. You are thinking of for,
is this and acceleration, as goals again acceleration,
but in party of physics a particular instanda model,
we use a more a general, notional force,
if for us, can also,
cause it transmutational of apartical in doing other particular.
So, where it modifized of holocity of the particular,
or it's modify, some of it's internal properties,
all that, we use to say word force.
And there's because, well, we have the equitions for that,
and one very port a great in the indiequation is the action reaction principle.
So, as new tone ready, for the first time,
whenever, something, I sure it's a forest of the else, there is irreaction.
You you feel the forest back was in your direction.
So the reactions principle is a way, but in prince,
well, it also holds for them particles transmuting to other particles.
You need a reaction. And that goes into the equations. Christus,
money, that took that, took that, took,
that, took, that, took, that,
took, that,
took,
Es jetzt plötzlich gibt, es bringt allen Pflicht,
die Glauben zu bringen, die Förderung,
die eine Leben zuurteilt, es gibt alle Quelle,
der Bildbetrieb ist zu geben, die gebraucht wird,
und versetzt Patrick Förderung, wie geht es, Parallelen,
der Fortsetzer, der Briefgemeinde.
Wow, I'm not your own sound your difficulty,
but we have learned the hardware actually that we have to right,
I was in turns of victreations.
And if the equations still you, how our battery accelerates,
then we're happy. So, of course, well,
then party is collard, there accelerated at way bigger to one
instant, you right, at one point.
And we have learned to see the excellent basising that a particle,
but the short to moment, and the monderection,
changed to a particle with the moment, and in different direction.
Or you do say, Flosty, one direction, Flosty,
other, but the Flosty, moment, it was flosty times mass.
So, the moment, where particle, is modified,
but some you go for us, but in electrication,
they have to say well, they same thing is happening.
It was say a particular being exchange. So two particulars
change their momentum and there's dued reflectors something caries momenting for here today.
So this is a way we learned to talk what force.
Momentum is carry the way for one particular to an hother particular.
But not only moment, we're can to way some other
quantum numbers, can we care the way as well.
So, momentum is basically it a quantum number a sociated
to this spacement and space.
But you have also numbers a social displacement in an internal
space. And those are populis of particulars
So ein Partikel exchanged, die grosse Exchange, die Kontonamus von der Partikel.
Das ist, dass du auch eine Forst hast. Und now,
die Question ist all dieses konsistent mit Special Addifity imparticality.
Und das ist die Forst, die used and quantum begann.
Das ist die Forst, die used quantised feels.
Es ist all indirekt eine single points,
eine single points saying that at partikel of mental like this,
can make a traditional partikel mental like that and in that a third partikel.
Das ist basically afforced. So afforced can we you reduced
to say that two partys come together or leave and
a mega
third partikel
That we go a vörtex. So in the vörtex one
particle, goes into other particle. So the first,
the whole noce of force, can be reduced to this vörticies.
And then we've dreied to identify, which förticies are a lot,
but a series, but out got you hadning into controductions.
And are many constraints, before, because we have to
make those sure that whole things in variant underlorence consumations.
It go a one frame, got in other frame,
the förtex is to, has a look the same,
otherwise, something is a long with the serie.
So this is, we saw this,
we would know had to be constraint.
We good, imagine any kind of force to take place.
And we be
just possilated
That is not an explanation is suppostilation, that we postelate force, we like this.
A partrio can hit another particular with any strength,
we we can imagine, are the weekly are strongly?
And then it's will the force all we frequent of a really exerted.
And then we, but now, we say,
because of a rativity, the all this constraints,
and now, we cannot just use any force we like,
we have this force must be enegreement to special relativity.
And that makes that we have to to bassletter.
Es ist eine sehr besitzende Feind-Paddagols, die in den After-Rates-Shake-Trasmitter-Foren sind.
Du kannst es maginieren, wenn du eine exchange Partei von
der doesn't rock data outed access hast.
Die effektive Hass- und Nether-Partei, die different ist,
haben eine doesn't rock data.
So, die höchste ist ein non-rock-tating-Partei. Die Young Mills,
die basical rock data with fetter large amount of anglomand,
we just spin one in natural units.
And then the defamilions all rock data spin one have.
All these, well, most of these saying mother way,
of course, embirical effects, they are observed from Observations from Experiments.
And we want to agree,
mega see evise a cribus experiments,
of course,
is much as possible
Und wir haben nicht nur all die Symmetrien konstruiert,
die wir haben. So, that's how we are constant
to define how a force actually acts. But our disconstraints,
it would be easy to emagine any gone of force.
Now. I'm tine to an stand your crash and you
are it slatty more philosophy of best, which is fine,
which was your here for.
Aber es ist nicht easy to answer, that out,
you're rating equations in the blackboard
Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja
. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja.
Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja.
Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja
Well, you can imagine the answer. It's again
a hicks mechanism. We must have scale of feels,
because only event to return to that other question,
only scale of feels, as efficiently flexibly,
allow more kinds of interactions, then feel sympathicals,
return outdate.
Escale of feels is a non-rotating particular. So we need
a scale of feel, we've can do that job.
Because it thing you are asking. What does it? Answers,
escale of feels, a field of a hicks particular.
So at you got, you falls going indeed,
we are going to predict other kinds of hicks particulars.
It's a same, idea, the same general thing,
that we use
all of again
So, yes, I was we a hickspartical that hickspartical that sudden
popity that it this thinguishes one kind of object with other crimes of objects.
And one kind of force from Otherfound the first. At high menification,
you don't see the effect of hicksfield anymore all forced becoming and dogle.
So that's not even you to think that you to think
that you to think that you to think that,
electronomic to you, this is dass wir uns einfach sehr gemeint haben.
Wir schauen uns absolut befreien. Eine Urdobe, eine hotte Urdobe.
Das ist sehr, sehr empfehlenswert. Wir schauen uns auf
die Urdobe. Wir schauen uns auf die Urdobe,
eine hotte Urdobe, eine hotte Urdobe, eine hotte Urdobe,
If it's masters, if it's small on not serio.
It's really make a serio different or whatever. So to possly
that is mass is exactly serio, would be somewhat strange?
And I would not not a really belief that.
That's a we practically empossible to measure. The thing my contrad
to measure at best is in upple limited for the mass of motion thrinals.
And that was a usual do,
but actually detect the mass of the electron thrinals,
is fairy, fairy hard.
The thing you do is they public on to Luca at
Radiac to DKs.
But ich hatte Luca at bata
or doublebata DK
Where you want the energy energy to be a small aspossible.
So you want to look at very ready case.
And they want to end to measure,
the energy of the artcoming electrics very very actually to see
that as any slide little gap in there.
That gap with me in the song, the energy went
into a nutrino. And so the shape of the curves,
it should measure, depends on the mass or the nutrino.
But since to think it is so very light,
you looking very very tiny tiny effect is a very very hard.
But so the thing is we strictly mass zero,
I don't king there's a very compelling the artical reason
for that
So führst du es immer, dass du mitgespielt hast.
Wir haben uns so viel entschuldigt, Shows.
Das ist ein moralisches Fest. So,
da haben wir einfach einen guten Schnitt, gar nichts.
Denn die Luft, die wir gelöscht haben, ist,
dass wir die Gesellschaft, die Gesellschaft, die Verfügung bringen.
Wir sind sechs Städte, die sechs Städte,
die wir gelöscht haben
Sollt, tut mir nichts, tut mir nichts, größere Brotwicklung.
Das ist mir schon ein sehr großer Englische gegeben,
ich habe es mir getan, ich habe es getan,
ich habe es getan, ich habe es getan,
ich habe es getan, ich habe es getan.
Ja, wenn du es experimentierst mit Atoms and Molocules,
die usual very, very low energy.
So, new emagine, I have markers cope of
the very bore resoluty, is all thing power.
So, you looking it through very 40 glasses at something.
The only way, sorry
Richtig gewohnt werden. Elektrikisches zweite Worte. Oh yes,
but that's an, that also the mission and that happens
at the relative your low energy.
Because a that you had to compare that that looking
at something with two very fucking glasses.
Now, there's not no sensical thing todo at all.
If you got do your mission and very, very, very equality.
So, the Alternative to low resolution as well,
maybe to higher resolution is, maybe you can do experience extremely attually.
And that you go do with molekulals with Atoms with Newtons,
they try to measure nutron market,
electric deeper moment,
the things actors
All das Beispiel, wenn es ein could passably that are
something what to stand a model, if
don't was extrem accuracy. Sophaty, electric diver momentars,
nutrino, I don't see, I was been detected.
It will be it will be a do to some rather,
delected weak at dractions in the Nutrong.
Where there is contabutions come, also possibly party from Unknown,
Connors, what the standard model.
So it is judgeny with Wild to do that,
if you can do it very accuratly.
And the problem is with an Nutron, it's electric diver
moment is so to membersy small that it's agoing we vavery
how to detect
Das ist ein Magnetikdive-Promille, das substantiell ist. So,
ich habe das Green Off sehr persönlich gefunden,
und just haben ohne Elektrik-Fehler, und dann treibt es sich,
wenn ich das nicht tue.
If to need on reacts on the present of electric feels,
suche that you can measure, it's the electric
diaple moment. It's possible in principle and theory, but it's
very high. The same thing holds with is other.
Atomic molekit experiments, you need extrem ecuracy. Now,
people can do complete mearly goals in this conspects.
So, I'm not tookly with our hope that maybe some
that this or we possible. I'm either is one,
people our out of our hope to do very
equite measurements
And then you maybe able to indeed generate some new numbers, such.
Yalope is, even if you generate a number,
then you follows a nash defactivision do that I could calculations,
because offen the numbers extremely makes up.
It is a combination of very many effects in a sequence.
So you have to concrete all these effects very,
very ankerly. This also pommet measure in the Neutrinomast.
You have to no vavia atto, the how the attom,
the haves, artoviation of the trainograms.
Ohow really the electrons behave in they closed to the center
of the attom, the K electrons and
so on
Das Vayheart Work. Im Prinzip, it's vossible,
and I think with new generations of computers, and more powerful
see erious together, it's very engineers experiments, people to all out.
Thank you very much, that I said,
it questions, thank you very much, thanks,
thanks, thanks, thanks, thanks, thanks,
thanks,
Just because you doing it position experiment and position Galculation,
both of visual extremely different. You might or might not
get a number that agrees with what the standard models as today.
Now, stand a mother as a said, is open end
it that at very high energies and the vaced dyny disn't scales.
Things happened that we don't know. Those things might or
might not have an effect on that measurements.
Usuit the shuman that these effects are two my nooked to have a effect.
But like could be there. And the stand a mother's
only been thoughtly tested up to a bucket TV, also.
LAC is now 30 cm that region.
Maybe the find other things. So other things,
might happen effects on these that you talking about.
So numbers what gome art, which are unexpected,
which you not agree with this simple standable that have today,
but only with some existended version.
Not are many perposals on how to extended stanal model.
All in mentioned the Grant University,
but the many perposals at the lower energy is, like super
persymmetry or a technical at the many idea as around,
that we're modified as send of model. So if you
find it number doesn't agree with the simples version, maybe young so
yes, reality is more complicated, and okay, the pom is is
how have a this position mashimans and educations,
is usually, only camp with one number.
And what is one number mean? You just as,
something is rong, but what?
And that's is going to
be hide
Kösterschaft geht wieder raus. Ah, wow, indeed this
is a subtle, I'm very much interested in today.
Normalerweise speaking most people particular string stears and also we will do the unifize stears.
They're all expected that those seeos to be quant to meganical.
And quant beton is in a sense is an one of the doministic theory.
Even distatement is being Addects, locationally, but let's
say that quanto maganists in the terministic, my person belief
is at quanto maganistics not the end of the order.
And there is going to be more. And what is more is,
it could be that isn't on the line, deterministic seely.
I am, speculating on that possibility,
but I can't say the thing for certain,
but only that to I have a personal predators towards,
a editoministic on the line theory.
Yes. So, thank you very much on that